ROSÆ, Inc.

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March 15, 2009

Introduction to MIRIAH^*

(Microwave Interferometry Radiating Incrementally Accumulating Holography)

 (*Grisham, U.S. Patent #6,452,532)

 

Welcome to MIRIAH's Introduction!

 

For you busy Executives, and Lay people, and Scientists, I recommend you start with these five short slides (and a briefing, which follows it) before going any further.

If you are not a Scientist:

............................................. then check out Sections 1 - 10, and 22 - 32. Please don't be daunted by the deeper technical matter elsewhere in this document. For, through the generous use of mobile figures, we feel we have made it amply clear for those who are not Scientists, to grasp the fundamentals of MIRIAH's method of operation within these "Lay" sections: the numbered sections highlighted in "blue-gray" were written for you.

If you are a Scientist:

............................................. then the entire document was written for you.

 

1. A quick look at what MIRIAH will give to the world in ways never possible before.

 

Of all the various forms of imaging from Satellites, only Electro-Magnetic (EM) imaging can have fine spatial resolution, continuity (all EM imaging is available day or night, and is immune to and penetrates through weather, clouds, smoke, sand storms, etc.), timeliness - to be able to control events as they happen, multiple channels with fine spectral resolution, so the users can quickly sort through "mountains" of imagery to isolate only the items or "topics of the day" (as enabled by special software, which depends on spectral variations). But since R&D funds are largely those, which are controlled by the government, then NASA's and DoD's Scientists have little or no incentive to develop commercial EM imaging Satellites, which are both demanded by the general public, and also profitable (while also meeting the government's requirements). As a result all of their EM Satellite imaging systems are far in the red economically (here we are talking about $Billions), and they don't have multiple channels (i.e., hyper-spectral), nor are they timely. This is why MIRIAH is the first such satellite architecture, which makes practical sense in this economy, as it provides the world with imaging satellites which users want and need, while greatly adding to our International cash flow surplus, rather than adding to our huge cash flow deficit (which its nearest competitor does - worse than any other satellite system). For a quick look at the best satellite borne EM technologies, we strongly recommend that you hyper-link to this simple to understand review as the necessary introduction to this "Introduction".

 

And this "miracle" is achieved without violating the Laws of Physics. In fact, it even corrects a basic flaw in the existing EM satellite imaging technology, known as "SAR" (Synthetic Aperture Radar), which ignores a basic portion of the laws of Physics (as well as ignoring practical economics). And, MIRIAH provides this "miracle" seamlessly with the technical requirements for the most efficient communication satellite and navigation satellites, while bringing economic "common sense" to these technologies as well. SAR's "throughput" time takes days or weeks, while MIRIAH gives us new and vastly improved capabilities in how we will get our information on what is happening in "near real time" (in minutes) throughout the world's surface (and even under the surface), while also adding a new capability for an improved hyper-spectral imaging, in fine resolution 3-D Holography, so that in the future "Google Globe" will act like it is on Steroids". But in fairness to my peers in EM technology, I was given a distinct advantage when, as with many other inventions, this breakthrough was borne when I made the discovery of this "window" in Physics, which is now known as "Grisham's Window".

 

If "Grisham's Window" is the "hand", then ROSÆ is its finely tailored "glove". ROSÆ was invented first (a dynamically moving satellite architecture, pictured in the above logo at its mid epoch), then the SARAH satellite architecture was invented to improve ROSÆ's data quality, and then the MIRIAH satellite architecture was invented to improve ROSÆ's imaging efficiency and economics. And so the MIRIAH technology is the culmination of 47 years of search for a Satellite information services architecture (communications, navigation, imaging, etc.), and associated technology, which comes as close as possible to the outer limits of Physics, principally Heisenberg's s Uncertainty Principle as it is applied to Electro-Magnetic (EM) Imaging, and is equally driven by the demands of the world's practical needs, and practical economics (Scientists, please see Section 11). Its operational design is amazingly simple for Satellites, which is one of the reasons it is so inexpensive. It enables fine resolution 2-D and 3-D holographic imaging, day and night, in all weather, of both the surface and sub-surface, in near real time of stationary objects in its MIRIAH mode, as well as identity "tagging" of real time tracking of rapidly moving objects in its DIFMIRIAH mode. This envisions an operational "handoff" from identification in "near-real time", to tracking in "real time" (continuously).

 

MIRIAH will map the world more rapidly, more frequently, with finer resolution, to include imaging which penetrates trees and buildings, sees inside tunnels (e.g., for Terrorists), looks under farm soil for water and crop root health, etc. NASA's "Shuttle Imaging Radar" (the "SIR" series of satellites) first proved out an imaging penetration capability when it imaged through 30 feet of sand to image ancient dwellings beneath the Sahara Desert. But, MIRIAH will greatly increase that penetration depth by a thousand fold. And, it will provide numerous separate imaging channels with ultra fine spatial resolution and fine spectral resolution (a combination which has never been available before with EM imaging).

 

Since EM imaging is the only medium with continuous day or night imaging, uninterrupted by weather, or clouds, or trees, etc., then MIRIAH is the first time we will have imaging which "has it all". This is coming at a time when our world badly needs this new capability, since today's serious economic and political pressures can be ameliorated in a timely manner only if we have timely and full capability global imaging. For if "a picture is worth ten thousand words", then a real time "virtual reality" video in 3-D holography of the world, from anywhere, to anywhere, at any and all times, is what the world needs right now. This new capability will allow one to zoom in or out and rotate one's view as one circles the object, noting the changes in reflectivity, texture, geometry, etc. (You could pre-visit that expensive trip before you commit to it by first "visiting" with an inexpensive "walk around the premises" in 3-D "virtual Reality", thereby saving your precious vacation dollars from being wasted by an over zealous sales pitch. And you can check out the nearby area too in the same way).

 

MIRIAH's hyper-spectral images will be in numerous different spectral channels, all of which will have spectral resolutions even superior to optical imaging satellites, so that "spectral signatures" will reveal the individual characteristic of every specie more definitively than possible before, through a software technology known as "GIS" (Geographic Information System). And since its imagery also penetrates, we expect to be able to get extremely specific "interior signatures" of species (tracking the interior grain yields as the kernels grow!) - sorted into unique "GIS" classes, throughout the world. This will be the basis for a brand new kind of imaging, which will totally revolutionize agriculture, and enterprises concerned with ground or underground mineral resources. And this near real time imagery will become available on demand from anywhere, to anywhere, via the Internet, for an amazingly low price. This new capability is similar to that now available for optical multi-spectral satellite imaging, but it has a critical difference. For now, military intelligence specialists and commercial market specialists will have the "missing link" in capability, which has prevented them from having a critically needed "target class change alert" in real time. For, of all EM architectures, only MIRIAH can focus its raw data either in the Fourier Plane (the "wave nature" plane), or the Imaging Plane (the "particle nature" plane). But, only the Fourier Plane has a "presence", for every pixel, and so every GIS "signature", throughout the entire Field of View (FOV), which is critically needed, since "spectral signatures" of individual classes of targets is a powerful and efficient way to cut through "mountains" of data to display only those objects or targets, which each (specialized) analyst needs. For these specialists in using the existing EM systems have never been able to efficiently scan the gigantic imaging plane database in real time. Whereas, with MIRIAH, auto-correlation of "signatures", channel by channel, searching for and identifying every targeted "signature", in real time, over the entire region of the analyst's responsibility, this is now practical. The beneficial impact of this new capability upon Tactical as well as Strategic Intelligence (for both Commercial and Military communities) can't be overemphasized. For example, we will now be able to map the underground strata for coal, oil, gold, uranium, etc., globally in holographic 3-D for commercial mining interests, or pipe breaks for city utilities, or track hidden military threats (in buildings or tunnels), to counter each problem as it develops, in a timely manner. Thus, holographic TV images of events as they happen on the news will soon be available (as an example. see this holographic TV technology, which is currently being developed for 3-D holographic imagery, streaming 3-D video, etc.).

MIRIAH is not a SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar), or any other kind of Radar. Rather, it uses a very old, simple, and mature technology known as Interferometry, which (for practical reasons) depends on keeping every one of it's small satellites at or near to the phase centerline of its gigantic baselines. NASA is planning a similar space project for imaging star radiations. This is their SIM project at JPL. It is also an Interferometer imaging satellite architecture, which uses an equilateral triad like MIRIAH's, and the phase resolution and stability of their interferometer triad is far better than that for any SAR. but is less stable than MIRIAH will be, since MIRIAH rests its stability on the ponderous Angular Momentum of ROSÆ. Also, since the inter-satellite distances for MIRIAH are far greater, then the Gain improvement will be far greater. In NASA/JPL/SIM's hyper-linked web site. they acknowledge they plan to eventually enable a full duplex Rotational Synthesis Imaging (RSI) technology whose Field of View (FOV) is unencumbered by apertures optimized for illumination swath size (as it is for SAR). Neither NASA, or DoD, or Industry have found a practical way to accomplish this, since they still use the outmoded method of detecting phase on the satellite's antenna. But in fairness to these scientists, this breakthrough in Synthesis Imaging from Satellites was not nearly as practical in the past as it is now with the advent of micro-scale discs and other nanotechnology memories, which have only matured within the last few years. Whereas, with nanotechnology now available, MIRIAH solves this problem by delaying phase detection at the antenna, and bypassing the antenna with transceivers which forward two parallel Interferometric signal streams (as can be seen here in Figure 2) to a nanotech Matched Filter (MF), and its laser (or IR?) illuminated optics, located on the phase centerline of its Interferometric triad, where phase is subsequently detected at a much shorter wavelength than the Illumination wavelength (a million times shorter). Then, as ROSÆ - MIRIAH, it forms a symmetric, dynamically balanced, and highly stable network encompassing the entire earth, by inheriting ROSÆ's ponderous Angular Momentum, and its stable equilibrium, which synchronizes perfectly (and uniquely) with the earth - moon tri-axial gravity field. So as ROSÆ - MIRIAH, its uniform 3-D shell of twelve satellites encompasses the entire earth, within the 18,000 mile diameter geodesic structure of its tiny little triangulated satellites. (But it is built for expansion. It starts out with only three "tiny" satellites, adds the rest from profit surpluses in a matter of only a few years, and continues to grow as the years go by, during which its satellites will of course increase in size and power, new functions will likely be added at the systems level, etc.). As a result of MIRIAH's new technology, all previous EM trade-off experience has now become out dated by MIRIAH's full implementation of RSI (SIM's RSI is about 10⁸ less powerful than MIRIAH, since only its data recording system can be fully coherent, for its target's phase scintillation has too much phase variance for coherence).

The 3-D geodesic framework is comprised entirely of equilateral triangles - the ideal survey platform (calibratable in 3-D in real time as shown here). And, its stable equilibrium gravity field condition for Medium Earth Orbits (for MEO orbits only), in the stable equilibrium of its resonant orbits, could last as the world's preferred multi-purpose satellite architecture for as long as the earth - moon gravity system exists (which has been in existence for billions of years). And (again) ROSÆ - MIRIAH's tri-axial Interferometer network's dynamics synchronizes perfectly to the MEO tri-axial gravity field's stable rotational dynamics. And, both its 1st and 2nd moments cancel out to zero! So, if ROSÆ - MIRIAH's dynamics appear to be complicated (considering everyone's rotating earth experiences), yet, in the inertial referenced world of Satellites, it's as simple and reliable as it can get for a satellite network (and that is what counts in space - not our human perception here on a rotating earth).

The SAR technology's phase definition is limited by SAR's total dependence on time correlation, whereas, an Interferometer's phase definition is a function of the size and position of the Interferometer's baseline in space (and not on satellite antenna size like SAR's, which are huge. Rather, MIRIAH's satellites are tiny). Unlike SAR, MIRIAH's phase definition is very loosely coupled to time. The SAR detects phase (Doppler History phase) on its huge receiving antenna as a synthetic aperture, whereas MIRIAH uses the antennae on either end of its Interferometer only as relay antennae to a second central antenna (again, as in Figure 2) where phase is accumulated as a diffraction pattern onto a small disc or other nanotech memory, onto a plane known as the "Fourier" Plane, in both 2-D like SAR, and in 3-D holography (unlike SAR). Hence, the SAR's resolution depends on the size of its antenna (its aperture), while MIRIAH's resolution has nothing to do with the size of its physical antenna (rather its synthesis "aperture" resolves the image). Then, for any given wavelength, its resolution gets finer as the Interferometer's baseline gets longer (and so the synthesis "aperture" gets larger). But, secondarily, like SAR, MIRIAH's physical aperture size must at least be considered. Yet, MIRIAH's phase detection is delayed in order to complete phase aggregation to the "fully filled" point (rather than being foreshortened like SAR at the point its antenna "fills"), and then, when MIRIAH's disc(s) is "filled", its process also depends on the size of its recording disc (which is MIRIAH's "aperture"). So, MIRIAH has a 2nd Power-Aperture (PA-2), which "Writes" to disc acting as a Matched Filter (MF) at a laser's frequency, which is about a million times shorter than the EM illumination frequency, until the disc (the MF) is "fully filled", and then it "Reads" with this same laser wavelength (again, which is much shorter than it was during its 1st PA or PA-1). Whereas SAR, which has only one PA, "Reads" with the same EM wavelength with which it "Writes" (or Illuminates). This changes MIRIAH's effective "aperture", which always depends on wavelength. (Take a moment to let this "talking" figure explain why this is so). Then since as with all Interferometers, MIRIAH's has a signal envelope which is a 3-D hyperboloid of two sheets, then as its satellites travel they continuously reflect (not sample and detect phase on the antenna as does SAR) this "phase discreet" interfered phase source onto its recording disc(s) at a rate, which is carefully chosen such that the "Write" rate is fast enough to assure an overlap in the record (to assure its "fully filled" replica is not discontinuous).

NOTE: When illuminating a maximum FOV (Field of View), the minimum population of three satellites for imaging (minimum capable of RSI technology), can "fully fill" without discontinuity with wavelengths at L Band or lower. For higher satellite populations the wavelengths can be shorter and still "fully fill" without discontinuity. Or as an alternative, by shrinking the FOV, shorter wavelengths can always be used. Keep in mind that these maximum FOV swaths illuminate entire Continents.

As you saw in this last ("talking") figure, MIRIAH's Matched Filter (MF) is illuminated (or "Read") by a collimated laser during PA-2. Hence, the disc(s) diameter, DDisc, on which MIRIAH's MF is "written", during PA-1 ("upstream" from PA-2), must be such that DDisc/lDisc > DFOV/lFOV, where lFOV is the ground illumination wavelength, and lDisc is the disc illumination wavelength. NOTE: MIRIAH's tiny "nanotech" disc(s) is illuminated during PA-2 with a laser's extremely short wavelength, creating thousands more wavelengths per aperture diameter (DDisc), than possible for SAR's huge antenna, after the disc becomes a "fully filled" MF. (Scientists: for a more detailed treatment on the Physics, see Section 11 below). This is a "nanotechnology" strategy, in which "smaller is bigger". MIRIAH's tiny "nanotech" discs capture about 2,000 times more wavelength samples than did NASA's "Shuttle Imaging Radar" series (SIR-A to SIR-C) with their huge 21 meter antenna (that's the size of a School Bus ! No wonder SAR satellites weigh thousands of pounds, and are "stuck" in LEO orbits, where they are vulnerable to destruction from missiles !). Of course, one can always round off the resolution by averaging, but not the other way around. So, as the "state-of-the-art" in nanotechnology disc capacities increase, while disc sizes shrink (and/or other "flash" memories improve), the MIRIAH technology has a future, whereas the SAR technology's dependence on its antenna module densities have gone about as far as that technology can go. Furthermore, economic realities are reversed by SAR's architecture, since its Swath/Resolution ratio is contrary to the realities of "Supply"/"Demand" - the "engine" of all economic systems (while MIRIAH's "nanotech" laser illuminated MF's perfectly accommodate this economic reality).

NASA/JPL/SIM's Scientists have succeeded in generating extremely long Coherent Time Masers (and Lasers) by employing a space borne (satellite) architecture of triads of Interferometers (as claimed in this announcement from them). This is similar to the MIRIAH satellite architecture's triads of Interferometers, which are coherently linked (as with the SIM architecture), but with much longer baselines, and far greater mensurational stability and accuracy (due to its ponderously huge Angular Momentum), giving it both a much higher Rotational Synthesis Imaging (RSI) Gain, as well as a much finer phase discrimination, and a much longer Coherence Time, TCoh . This was shown in our Math Model, a portion of which reads: "Due to the Uncertainty Principle of Physics, all EM systems are characterized by a Bandwidth, B, and a response time, T, wherein this relation holds true: DT x DB > p. Then since MIRIAH's Coherence Time, TCoh = 4.3 x 10⁴ Sec., BCoh = 1.8 x 10^-5 Hz (which is about 2 orders of magnitude smaller than its bistatic Doppler). When comparing MIRIAH and its RSI technology, to all other EM technology, which uses a very wide Bandwidth, B (known as "Spread Spectrum" technology), it should now be obvious to you that MIRIAH's characteristic properties are totally new and different, and so any assumptions based on prior EM experience is not applicable to MIRIAH. In fact, this has been a huge stumbling block in MIRIAH's path, since 99% of all EM Scientists are grounded in a technology which is not applicable, yet they make decisions, often rejecting MIRIAH, based on assumptions coming out of their irrelevant backgrounds. This is one of the reasons for the necessity of this web site. To clear up this information gap we encourage you to study this chart, which compares the differences in these technologies.

An analysis of MIRIAH's energy density growth shows it increases as a function of Coherence Time (which relates also to pixel density, or "resolution" improvement). The Coherence Time limit for MIRIAH is more than a Billion times that for SAR's practical coherence time of about 3 to 5 seconds. (This limit is 10¹⁶ seconds for MIRIAH, which is much longer than actually needed. And, since MIRIAH's imaging frequency is a million times lower than is SIM's, then the TCoh needed is well within that demonstrated by NASA/SIM's experience). SAR uses time correlation for Range determination while also using time (again) for data separation, which forces SAR engineers to compromise. So for SAR, spatial resolution, spectral resolution, synthetic Gain, and maximum coherence time limits are all compromised (as compared to MIRIAH). MIRIAH's extraordinary advantage in maximum Coherence Time is also largely due to the massively stable and constant angular momentum of ROSÆ - MIRIAH, whose imaged pixels are also determined mensurationally to 1 part in 10¹⁶. This compares to the poor long-term coherence time limits of atomic clocks on which SAR depends (not to be confused with superior short-term coherence of all atomic clocks). For, ROSÆ - MIRIAH uses resonant orbits in equilibrium with earth's tri-axial gravity field, wherein it is "locked" to the earth's fixed tri-axial gravity field. (For more details, go to this hyperlink).

As we said before, NASA/JPL/SIM's scientists have proven their architecture's phase stability in space can maintain extremely fine phase definition for many minutes (see this evidence at this hyper-link). Then since SIM's Interferometers are not arranged in an interlocked 3-D geodesic structure, as is ROSÆ - MIRIAH, then MIRIAH is even more stable, and its 10¹⁶ mensurational advantage has the same long-term stability, as do the stars and planets. And, during PA-1 (prior to PA-2), MIRIAH aggregates this contrast growth (i.e., energy density growth, related to SNR or Signal to Noise Ratio), and resolution improvement, during a much longer Coherence Time (than for SAR). These manifold differences lead to a huge breakthrough in performance for MIRIAH over SAR. This has been proven to be true, since the Physics is driven by Classical and Orbital Mechanics, EM and Fourier theory, Geometric and Coherent Optics, and the Uncertainty Principle in Imaging (again for you Scientists, Section 11 goes much further into this last subject).

Keep in mind that we must have an active illumination EM imaging system, since all other (passive) imaging systems do not have fine resolution. plus day or night, all weather service, and so an immunity to being blocked by clouds, dust storms, etc. For timeliness and continuity are essential to all information services. Yet, none of the previously discussed technical issues can make up for the unacceptable shortcomings in all of our present day EM imaging systems. For all of these systems have the same fatal flaw. They all suffer from a severe economic handicap, in that "Supply" always fails to keep up with "Demand". For they all need very narrow swaths in order to have fine resolution. And that means their "Supply" shrinks (as the swath shrinks), as their "Demand" increases (or their resolution improves). Conversely, when "Supply" (swath size) is increased, "Demand" (for fine resolution) gets worse to where there is hardly any market demand for the product. No one in his right mind would set out to produce a product like that. Rather, anyone with any economic sense at all, would produce a product whose "Supply" always increases as "Demand" for the product increases. And this is why MIRIAH is so critical to our nation's (and the free world's) economy and security, and why we must make MIRIAH operational ASAP. For MIRIAH's "Supply" increases as its FOV increases, while its "Demand" also increases, since its resolution actually improves as the FOV increases. (In the Sections below, we will show how the MF's Diffraction Grating intervals shrink toward the edge of the MF, as its size increases during its "fill" in time). This can only be true for an Interferometer based architecture, which has two Power-Apertures, and reliable stability. And that of course is what the ROSÆ - MIRIAH technology is all about. And this is why MIRIAH is commercially viable, while all other EM architectures are not commercially viable, but need huge infusions of government subsidy, which further erodes our national economic deficit.

While my Scientist visitors probably had no difficulty in understanding the last paragraph, I want to be sure my Lay visitors understand too, so this paragraph is for them (and my Scientist visitors can skip this paragraph). When you were a child, you threw stones and pebbles into a smooth surfaced pond and watched the wavelets spread outward, As the disturbed area grew, you saw that as the outer edge approached, the interval between the wavelets got closer together as the wavelets got smaller. (A crude picture of this would look like this - see Figure 7c at the bottom). This is what MIRIAH's Matched Filter (MF) on a disc does too, except it does this for every pixel in the Field of View (FOV), so all of these wavelets cross one another since each "pebble" (representing different pixels in an image) from a hand full of pebbles creates wavelets at different areas in the pond. This creates a number of complexly crisscrossing series of wavelets, which is the same as the "fully filled" MF will become, and this complex pattern represents what MIRIAH's holograms will look like. Notice, that as the area increases in time (simulating increasing "Coherence Time"), then the interval between wavelets gets closer (representing finer resolution). So this simple analogy shows that MIRIAH's resolution improves as its diffraction grating area (the "disturbed" wavelet area from many "pebbles") increases. In short, as the FOV area increases ("Supply" increases), the resolution improves (so "Demand" increases too). This is why MIRIAH is Commercially viable, and why SAR and all other EM imaging systems are not Commercially viable. For as SAR's "aperture" area grows, its resolution gets finer ("Demand" increases) while its FOV area gets smaller ("Supply" decreases) - just the opposite of MIRIAH. Obviously, "Supply" must track "Demand", else government subsidy must make up the loss. As a taxpayer, do you want government to support an inferior service, which adds to the deficit, and which service you can't afford to use - or a superior commercial and superior government service, which is inexpensive, adds to your enjoyment, improves your capabilities, adds new and better information, creates new jobs, and lowers the defict?

But the SAR community's 65 years of existence has so influenced our universities, government, and major industries, that MIRIAH's newer technology must face an uphill battle against an entrenched "status quo", who will defend their SAR "turf" to the last pixel. For this reason, we need to address this human issue, since we have encountered a subtle but damaging resistance from the EM community in all too many instances, which has its roots in the SAR discipline and its limitations. This human situation is quite normal, since it happens whenever a new technology replaces an older established technology. The key issue is the full implementation of the power of Coherence Time in the three (3) major information technology disciplines of (1) communications, (2) navigation/tracking, and (3) imaging, of which imaging improvements are the most critical in the magnitude of their social and economic impacts. The practice of producing system designs with ever increasing coherence time has been recognized as an ideal ever since Shannon published his landmark work on Information Theory (Claude E. Shannon, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in the Bell System Technical Journal in July and October of 1948.). Yet SAR scientists limit their designs to about a 5 second maximum Coherence Time, whereas MIRIAH continues past that point to where the full Fourier replica of a huge spherically focused "field of view" (or "FOV") has been "fully filled" in the Fourier Plane. The reason for this difference is simple to explain. For (again) SAR depends on atomic clocks, which have excellent short term coherence (up to 5 seconds), but insufficient long term coherence to the accuracy needed to keep phase variance inside the boundary needed for extended coherence time for large FOV imaging. This shortfall of SAR's time referencing, compares to ROSÆ - MIRIAH's solid foundation upon the ponderous stability of the sun - earth - moon constant inertial motion as its time reference. For, MIRIAH's long term Coherence Time reference enables the 10¹⁶ sec. maximum, as shown in the previous paragraph. NASA/JPL/SIM's experience confirms these coherence times (for the long wavelengths MIRIAH uses compared to SIM's astronomy mission - see this reference for confirmation). We have encountered SAR scientists who scoff at this (since this Coherence Time is totally impracticable for SAR). We see human weakness in this reaction - not technical weakness in MIRIAH. Yet, we can sympathize with this all too human reaction to a threat to careers made obsolescent by MIRIAH's full exploitation of coherence, which SAR can never match. SAR focuses a "flat earth" with signals, which are orthogonal in the center of the FOV, and non orthogonal everywhere else. Whereas, the finest resolution data always exists at the edge of the FOV, and the worst resolution is at the center. The same defect is true of SAR's lack of linearity, conformality, spherical focusing adjustments of the raw data in a computer of the phase - to - time difference correlation, etc. This is why the MIRIAH architecture goes to such great lengths to first establish a signal structure which focuses a spherical rotating object FOV linearly, orthogonally, and conformally throughout its entire data record, upon a disc in order to enable random access (as for the telephone, the Internet, etc.). Without being able to match MIRIAH's raw data structure (i.e., its analog data structure upstream of digitalization) no other EM architecture (SAR or other) will ever be able take full advantage of coherence's great power to improve imaging performance. And there is another subtle reason why SAR's architecture is the underlying reason why it and all of its EM derivatives (RadarSat, ISAR, InSAR, GeoSAR, etc.) are forced into their fore-shortened Coherence Time. That "other" reason is the rapid propagation of their DR errors in time, which demands a far earlier Analog to Digital (A/D) conversion, which of course stops phase aggregation. (For further details, please see Sections 11, 17, and 21 below).

And that is where the SAR scientific community made its mistake 65 years ago, and took all other EM imaging systems along with it, due to that original error in architecture. The result is now there are really only two (2) EM imaging architectures: (1) SAR and its derivatives in the EM imaging community, with controlling patents owned by very large EM firms, and (2) MIRIAH, owned by ROSÆ, Inc., a very small firm. So something needs to be done to bridge the control gap between scientific reality and business reality, else the "status quo" problem would create an impasse. This reality motivated Sections 10 and 24 (see below), which we believe is a sensible solution. Then, since the need for the breakthrough architecture of this "ground truth machine" is unquestioned, and even critical to global economic efficiency of agriculture, industry, resource management, city infrastructure, environment, transportation, counter terrorism, and even social and religious peace, then we can't in conscience tolerate delay. So we hope you, the readers of our web site, will understand and give a helping hand, for we are small, and the task is huge. And, since this is your world too, then we believe this is in part also everyone's responsibility, to help in expediting this enterprise.

The global economic system is failing, and it is yet another reason why these inventions have been "on the shelf" these many years. For, consider these two (2) kinds of wealth: (1) Wall Street Manipulated "Capital Paper" Wealth, and (2) "Real" Wealth, which Advances the Frontier of Productivity. These two philosophies can't co-exist without one or the other dominating. It's simply a matter of Wall Street's flawed paper wealth vs. a real world of Supply and Demand in global market forces, which drives true wealth. For, as with Sir Thomas Gresham's Law, which says, "Bad currency drives out good currency", so too with wealth. Today, Wall Street greed dominates, so its philosophy has spread like a cancer into all walks of life to include the political process, banking, big business, flawed fiscal policies which are driven by legal precedents, which in turn are driven by this flawed "paper wealth", and the mindset of the government's executive branch follows suit with compliant "policies" (contractually biased to accommodate this deviant philosophy). Advancing the real world frontier of productivity obviously requires new and innovative products, which can outcompete all other products within its demand niche in the marketplace. And to be truly effective for the national economy, such products and services must both conform to the "Supply/Demand" economic system, and be of such a scope as to embrace the entire world's needs.

Innovation is seldom if ever within the province of a group of people, but has traditionally been the brainchild of an individual. For it is common knowledge that the inspiration of Edison, Bell, Marconi, and the Wright Brothers were all the works of individuals. Three of my inventions (ROSÆ, SARAH, and MIRIAH) have been concieved over the past 47 years, but have been bypassed by the pervading "Wall Street" mindset, which exists at all levels of business and government. This mindset hates to bight the bullet of the rate of risk in new products which advance the Frontier of Productivity, so it bypasses that risk rate for the lower risk rate in the manipulation of the stock market with the consent of its "bed fellows" in industry, government, and even the courts who favor big business over individuals. Yet, only individuals have invented the greatest inventions. The latest of my inventions, MIRIAH, is a truly amazing breakthrough, but is now 8 years old and is still in limbo due to this gridlock. For this flawed mindset results in a working process in which Income Tax supported capital is the engine that pulls the productivity train, and special interest Lobbies and their "ear marked" projects are the only "freight cars" being pulled by that "engine".

Now consider the real world loss of this situation for the real world economy in the case of the MIRIAH enterprise, which is capable of generating 10's of $Billions annually in positive balance of international payments for the US economy in its first 5 years of operations, building to 100's of $Billions annually, with ancillary goods and services which will leverage this yet another 10 fold. And, its real world "Supply/Demand" is inflation proof, since its global communications, navigation, and breakthrough new imaging services are critical to 80% of all market sectors, and its demand is inelastic. Hence, one can readily see the price we are paying for a false Wall Street "paper wealth" dominated mindset. For, when we implement this opportunity, and others like it, the economy could very quickly retire the present $Trillions in our capital deficit.

Skeptics once claimed the extreme sensitivity of Interferometers to position uncertainties would be an impediment to satellite borne applications. But NASA is nevertheless planning on the SIM space system consisting of an Interferometer triad between three (or more) satellites. As is evident in this description published by NASA's SIM office, their experience confirms the stability and long-term phase coherence in the case of space borne Interferometers, which is why MIRIAH is now the future for this technology. But, NASA/JPL admits therein that they do not know how to implement a Rotational Synthesis Imaging method, which would be practical in space, since they have only considered a single Power-Aperture, which leads to huge antennae, and other demands, all of which lead to huge satellites. In light of that default, their failure to improve over MIRIAH is tantamount to their indirectly endorsing our success (technically speaking, but our experience tells us that NASA's upper management will never be satisfied with control by an "off campus" firm - particularly such a small firm as ROSÆ, Inc. (However, we do not mean to demean NASA/JPL/SIM's outstanding Scientists, for this breakthrough in Synthesis Imaging from Satellites was not nearly as practical in the past as it is now with the advent of micro-scale discs and other nanotechnology memories, which have only matured within the last few years).

Furthermore, as to the feasibility of using Interferometer triads in space for synthesis imaging, NASA's SIM project acquires and tracks phase at milli-meter, IR, and light frequencies, due to the transparency of space, for many minutes. Then, since these frequencies are up to a million times higher than MIRIAH's, it should be evident MIRIAH will have no difficulty in acquiring and tracking phase for minutes for the same reason. Also, MIRIAH uses paired Interferometers, over the same baseline (see Section 22), with real time binary frequency controls, automatic triangulation calibration, compatibility of fine resolution at lower frequencies enabled by huge baselines, and proprietary vernier phase lock acquisition methods. So, these developments have surely put the question of the feasibility of these long coherence time interferometers to rest (for deep space applications). To satisfy the practical implementation of Interferometry, ROSÆ - MIRIAH's network of Interferometers are all arranged in interlocked equilateral triads (as is evident in this Figure of ROSÆ). ROSÆ's twelve (12) Satellites have two (2) counter rotating sets of six (6) satellites each, which perfectly fits the six (6) vertices of a conformal (3-D symmetric) mapping system, which is an octahedron (a 3-D symmetric solid) as seen here. This is a "conformal" mapping base (i.e., the eight triangular faces of this octahedron "fit together" at their edges, such that there are no imaging data discontinuities therein, which is to say there are no "gaps" or "poles" in the imaging data within these eight map "faces"). This conformal system is focused from the earth's 3-D spherical surface to a flat 2-D mapping base, wherein each of the earth's eight 90^o x 90^o x 90^o spherical triangle sectors are mapped to eight (8) plane triangle surfaces (of this octahedron), as ROSÆ - MIRIAH's numerous Interferometers sweep across the face of the earth with a counter-rotating pair of 6 satellites as the imagery is recorded. (One of this pair of "counter-rotating" sets of 6 satellites is shown in this figure - the "clockwise" set is identical, but rotates in opposition in order to cancel out unwanted moments, thereby greatly simplifying ROSÆ - MIRIAH's satellites). In each of its two sets of 6 satellites, you can count 8 VLA "triads", each mapped to a face of a conformally mapped octahedron, wherein each is a Very Large Array (each VLA is a "Sparse" Phased Array, which is "fully filled" in time at the Matched Filter). So the full ROSÆ - MIRIAH architecture is comprised of a total of 16 VLA, 8 of which rotate clockwise and 8 of which rotate counter clockwise (which cancels out both 1st and 2nd Moments to zero).

Some may think that ROSÆ - MIRIAH is too large and too complex, but when one understands it is a global multi-function replacement of only twelve satellites replacing hundreds of satellites, which are not as effective, then that is another matter. Furthermore, it offers new capabilities which are not available, and which are critically needed. So, do not let the seeming complexity of ROSÆ - MIRIAH fool you, for from the point of view of its satellites, their improvements in 1) launching maneuver simplicities, efficiencies, and reliability, 2) much lower booster costs, 3) far more swaths serviced per satellite, 4) simpler attitude control, 5) simpler station keeping requirements, 6) new capabilities, 7) much faster timeliness, and 8) much smaller yet more efficient satellites, are all as simple, reliable, and inexpensive as it gets. This leads to huge benefit/cost advantages, which is the entire reason for this architectural design in the first place. (Einstein once said: "The best inventions are as simple as possible, but not necessarily simple"). And too, the startup growth pattern will be very practical, and cost effective (as follows).

Next, let us show you the motion of a single VLA triad (which is our "startup" configuration - see also Section 24). Recall, we want something more than just another 2-D imaging system, for we also want the option of 3-D holography. This is why MIRIAH's basic "unit" (the minimum number of satellites capable of imaging) is a single triad (of 3) satellites known as MIRIAH*3 (using only 1 triad out of the 8 triads in the mapping octahedron). And so, to sample the view for holography, all of MIRIAH's triads must not only rotate and translate , but also contract and expand in order to fully sample the large 3-D solid angles demanded by holography - with a dynamic action, which this video clip demonstrates. Note, however, that the pencil thin sat - to - sat links shown in this dynamic video clip are more indicative of MIRIAH's inter-satellite communication links than they are of its "fat" illuminating interferometer beams, for the latter have fairly wide beams beneath the satellites, which scan the earth, covering it from horizon to horizon (with swaths covering millions of square miles). Yet, this adds little to complexity. For, all of these beams are driven by a single constant speed drive, which links to each antennae through simple universal joint couplings. And this small additional complexity is well worth its increase in efficiency, since it yields up to eight continent spanning illuminated swaths per satellite (compared to only one tiny swath for SAR satellites). And that leads to near real time imaging of the entire surface of the world (12 hours for MIRIAH*3, 1 hour for MIRIAH*6, 30 minutes for ROSÆ - MIRIAH for amorphous objects, 15 minutes for objects with one axis of symmetry, 7.5 minutes for two axes of symmetry (like cars, trucks, tanks, etc.). Although SAR's response time is much faster, it takes hours or even days to "recast" a SAR's single tiny swath, which is why SAR is left behind "in the dust" by MIRIAH's much faster throughput time (or delivery time) to you the user, so that you can see what you want to see when you want to see it (via the Internet). Most of the Internet's "information" is really either ancient or recent history, for true information ("breaking news") is very perishable. And that is why MIRIAH is so critically needed. For if one is to control his or her individual job or mission in life, then one needs timely information - not "history" (which arrives too late to control the outcome of your job or responsibility). Timely information is an economic imperative, so we must have MIRIAH "ASAP" !

Seen as a 2-D conformal (and conventional) map of our 3-D world, MIRIAH's eight (8) equilateral triangular mapping plates would look like this, with each layer (in elevation, spectral channel, etc.) recorded on ganged discs (or other 3-D data memory devices) aboard the 12 satellites of the ROSÆ - MIRIAH array. However, internet users will access MIRIAH in this familiar "Google Globe" fashion, except that users will now be able to zoom in or out, and by changing phase centers on a software "3-D rotate palette", the "zoomed" view will now be in 3-D holography, with all of its rich contour, variable reflectivity, texture, size, and geometry details of the earth's surface, and even under the surface. ROSÆ - MIRIAH accomplishes this feat by first depositing holograms of these 8 surface (or subsurface) images in layers (on gangs of discs, etc.) aboard each of the 12 satellites of the ROSÆ - MIRIAH satellite array. Note in this last figure, that ROSÆ is made up entirely of equilateral triads. And, if you count the number of 90^o x 90^o x 90^o sectors for the world, as matched by these same 8 sectors within ROSÆ's array (check this out again in this last figure), you would see there are eight (8) of these sectors, to be mapped to the eight (8) sides of its octahedron mapping base. And if you counted the number of orbital intersections, you would see there are six (6) intersections mapped to the octahedron's 6 vertices - the site of its 6 rapidly moving satellites - as the "synched" system sweeps out the map of the world. These mapped imagery data sets are first sets of eight hologram recordings in the Fourier plane, deposited as diffraction patterns in 2-D, which are later (when "fully filled") transformed by laser illumination to the Image plane into a 3-D holographic imaging system. So, it's clear that the ROSÆ - MIRIAH satellite array conforms perfectly to an octahedron for mapping of the raw holograms, which are then transformed into the finished 3-D images, for a new kind of "Google Globe on Steroids".

So MIRIAH is a breakthrough in efficiency, and in new capabilities. In efficiency, the breakthrough is obviously huge. For example - a few weeks ago (in late February 2008), the military had to destroy a SAR Satellite, which was the size of a bus, whereas MIRIAH's satellites, which are only the size of a small suitcase, can deliver far superior imaging (of this type, i.e., fine resolution, day or night, in all weather), and yet deliver this imagery in a more timely manner (keeping in mind that true information is highly perishable in time). While SAR has a faster response time, yet MIRIAH's throughput time is much faster than is SAR's, mainly because it has total global coverage at all times at its finest resolution, whereas SAR satellites must "recast" their orbits via engine "burns" (which is also why its satellites are so huge and expensive). Furthermore, where SAR will never be multi-spectral (like today's optical satellites), MIRIAH will be even more effective, for it will be hyper-spectral with spectral resolutions far superior to even optical satellites). And where all of these satellite imagers are basically 2-D, MIRIAH's imagery form is 3-D holography ("zoom in", rotate around objects, observe variations in "glint", texture, geometry, etc., giving the user a sense of "being there" in person. Now that is true information).

To my mind's eye, this is so perfect that if the earth were a hand, then ROSÆ would be its glove. It's a miracle that this phenomenology even "happened". This unexpected, singular, "window" in Physics, is just too much of a "miracle" to be accepted as other than a phenomena which had a causative hand (which, by the way, could not have been my hand, for I was not around when the earth was formed). As you read further in this document, you will see ever more evidence of this intelligent design, which I discovered, but hardly could have planned (since I was not present at the world's beginning). If you still think this is a far fetched comment, then you are invited again to ponder the amazing set of fortuitous phenomena in this "Window of Physics" as described in this hyperlink,

In summary, now that you have seen MIRIAH's basic formation, let us consider the problems with making all of this come true. You may still think this is difficult, but it is not. For, considering its global mission, it is many times simpler than the total of the existing technology, which it replaces. For MIRIAH's technology resurrects the very old, very reliable, very inexpensive, low risk, 1920's era Interferometry technology for the job. So please read on - and see for yourself how relatively easy this really is.

2. *ROSÆ is a Fundamental Discovery.

*ROSÆ (Regens Omnia Semper Æquabilis - a Latin acronym describing the architecture), invented on September 21, 1961, was the world's first Patent Application involving satellites. Although the Patent has expired, ROSÆ is still the "backbone" architecture in the world's future.

ROSÆ is a satellite architecture, with three orthogonal circular orbital planes, which perfectly synchronize with the tri-axial gravity field at MEO altitudes (Medium Earth Orbit). During the 1970's, at Goddard Space Flight Center, Dr. Carl Wagner in his "Resonant Orbit" Study, proved that the ROSÆ satellite constellation was the only known application satellite array in which all of its satellites would be in equilibrium with the triaxial earth gravity field (which dominate only MEO orbits). This will provide a kind of "Natural Station Keeping", once the initial insertion corrections have been applied by tiny "vernier" orbit correcton thrusts (to where the Satellites are captured within a Potential Energy "pocket" available at MEO altitude). This capability will also conserve the limited non renewable mini-jet propulsion fuel, as well as increase the lifetime reliability of the satellites.

Two of ROSÆ's orbits are polar, and the other equatorial, so that its orbital planes will never precess. And, ROSÆ's1st moments are symmetric in 3-D, where one of these three axes is the earth's spin axis. ROSÆ 's 1st moments sum up to zero. Also, ROSÆ 's 2nd moments are equal but opposing - so the total of all of ROSÆ's 2nd moments also sum to zero. These characteristics are unique, and they are critical to the simplification, stability, and lifetime of its satellites, as well as optimizing their performance. Hence, nearly all application satellites (e.g., communications, navigation/tracking, imaging, remote sensing, etc.) will hugely benefit when using the ROSÆ architecture in terms of simplicity, reliability, and performance.

ROSÆ's intra-satellite net's links are point - to - point communication links whose physical Gain is inversely proportional to the beam width of the links. Hence, the stability of these links is critical to their performance. So, since this net is comprised only of the eight links not in the satellite's orbital plane, a vector analysis shows that the resulting Angular Momentum about the roll and yaw axes drops to zero while adding to the Angular Momentum of the pitch axis. (Of course the pitch axis Angular Momentum is critical to the sat - to - ground linking, stability, referencing, etc.). In short, as the network increases in accuracy, the momentum and energy problems at the satellites become easier (rather than harder as one would expect). As with all point - to - point links, as accuracy increases, the beam width can be made smaller (enabling more physical Gain at higher frequencies, f). Then, since link capacity increases ~ f² with point - to - point linked nets, the growth of all of ROSÆ's systems will be nearly unlimited. And the MIRIAH imaging architecture is another perfect example of this in the imaging discipline. Symmetry, stability, and synchronization are basic ideas, which is why there is great power in ROSÆ's impact on the space technologies. And only ROSÆ's tri-axial stability matches the earth's tri-axial gravity field. For all of these and other fundamental reasons (as you will see below), ROSÆ is a fundamental discovery.

As you can readily see in this Figure, ROSÆ's architecture is comprised entirely of equilateral triangles. And, as everyone knows, triangulation is the basis for all survey. And, as most Scientists know, the Interferometer is the world's most accurate angle measurement device. And, ROSÆ is a perfect platform for Interferometry since each of its 12 satellites maintains its position precisely centered on the phase centerline of four (4) Interferometers at the same time - a feat which no other architecture can match in 3-D. And, as you can well imagine, this hugely multiplies its satellite's cost effectiveness for our 3-D planet.

So we can now say ROSÆ - MIRIAH is a Global "ComSat + GPS + 3-D Google Globe" on Steroids. It is the world's ultimate "Information Machine".

3. MIRIAH is ROSÆ's "eyes".

The Interferometer is a very old technology, which will now be used by MIRIAH for a very modern purpose. The very first image ever made of a remotely sensed object was made with a very long wire, carrying a CW (Continuous Wave) signal, stretched along the eastern cliffs of England to image Paris (as a single "blip", so it was a very crude image). This simple device was an Interferometer, i.e., it used phase as the imagery data, which is enabled by mixing the two "in phase" signals, which emanate from the ends, and then detecting (or phase discriminating) the phase patterns at the center of the Interferometer's long baseline (wherein one signal is the reference while and the other signal is the imagery - or visa versa). These two signals interfere with one another, hence the term Interferometer. MIRIAH*6, comprised of six (6) Satellites, uses Interferometer pairs, along the outside edges of each of ROSÆ's eight (8) equilateral triads, for imaging at very high RF frequencies (UHF to Microwave are the most useful). ROSÆ - MIRIAH (i.e., ROSÆ with MIRIAH technology in addition to ROSÆ's communication, and navigatiion/tracking facilities) uses twelve (12) satellites, and it uses a pair of counter rotating triads, at each of the eight (8) triangular faces of an octahedron (like this example), which record its phase rich imagery data upon discs.

The phase envelope of an Interferometer can be compared to a sheet of common graph paper, except that the intersecting lines are hyperbolic (rather than straight lines intersecting at 90^o - as on common graph paper), and these intersections (which are points of phase cancellation) extend in all three dimensions. So an Interferometer's geometry establishes its foci. These foci are at ROSÆ - MIRIAH's satellites, which are at the ends of huge Interferometer baselines, from which the two interfering Continuous Wave (or CW) signals emanate. And so the satellite architecture's geometry establishes where the "graph" lines intersect, as a "family" of twin hyperbolic sheets in 3-D space, where they cycle from cancelation - to - reinforcement (eventually establishing dark - to - light areas of a kind of Fresnel Lens which focuses a laser onto the image plane to create a pixel. (Scroll to the bottom of this figure to see Fig 7c). So since we fix the position of ROSÆ - MIRIAH's satellites (through orbital resonance, GPS, Star Navigation, etc.), we fix the position of all of its imagery data in 3-D space, and of course at the earth's surface too.

This figure (Fig7c) is one of millions of these Fresnel lenses, which are first accumulated over a considerable length of time (the "Coherence Time" of 10¹⁶ sec.), in a collage of these lenses (thus becoming a hologram), wherein the collage is then re-illuminated by a laser to create the millions of pixels comprising the final image. This process is known as a "Matched Filter" (MF), which unlike SAR's one time microwave illumination, in MIRIAH's case, has a second laser illumination, which makes MIRIAH a billion times more efficient than SAR (in theory, but probably 10's to 100's of millions times more efficient in practice). This gives MIRIAH two (2) high Gain stages, or two Power-Apertures (2PA). This compares to only one PA for conventional SAR. And so where SAR's Gain is about 10⁴, MIRIAH's Gain from its two PA is about 10¹⁶ (that's about a Billion times greater than for SAR). SAR depends on time correlation, and uses atomic clocks which have fine short-term stability, but poor long-term stability. Therefore SAR's coherence time is normally limited to about 3 to 5 seconds. Whereas, MIRIAH is not time correlated (as for SAR), and its long-term stability does not reference an atomic clock, but rather references its phase locked 3-D geodesic triads to the earth itself, whose ponderous Angular Momentum lends extreme long-term stability and determinism (1 part in 10¹⁶ is guaranteed as long as the earth - moon - sun exists). Therefore, MIRIAH's 10¹⁶ Coherence Time limit is much longer than the "fill time" requirements of its Matched Filter (MF).

So where other remote sensing imagers (SAR, etc.) must be registered relative to the objects in the field of view (FOV), MIRIAH's Satellites do not need to be registered, i.e., precisely located relative to known objects on the ground. (Of course it is always better to register MIRIAH too, but in its case this is a back up, whereas in SAR's case it is a necessity). And so, rather than necessarily registering each pixel, since MIRIAH's Satellites are located at every one of the architecture's Interferometer foci, then all of its interior pixels in the imagery are "self registered" (this is the case for all Interferometers - not just MIRIAH).

As you know, a computer disc must always be "formatted" before it can be used. The same is true of all remotely sensed Satellite Imagers, which normally accomplish this by comparing the raw imagery data with known object locations in the FOV. But, by simply locating its Satellites (by GPS, etc.), MIRIAH enables the full registration of the entire Interferometer pattern in 3-D (and so all of its pixels in 3-D). In this way, MIRIAH "formats" its disc records automatically (and so does not need to adjust pixels relative to known objects in the FOV - as is required for all other Satellite imagers).

Now that we have described MIRIAH's overall approach, let us stop and review the basic Physics and economic facts of life which limit MIRIAH as well as all remotely sensed Satellite Imagers.

4. Basic Limitations on Imaging - the most important sector in Remote Sensing.

 

The boundaries of Physics limits imaging just as it limits all things in nature. Also, the higher the platform from which we image, the more area we can see. This is why the Physics we are most interested in is that which controls the performance and efficiency of imaging from Satellites. The Physics of the Electro-Magnetic (EM) spectrum must be accommodated by all Satellite imagers. The EM spectrum is a continuum, extending from sound at the bottom to X-ray at the top. The higher the frequency is, the finer will be the resolution, but there are other factors, e.g., it does no good to have fine resolution if the energy density level in the pixels are so low we can't see them (which calls for larger apertures). And there are two classes of imaging technologies:

 

5. Technical and Economic Purpose of this Invention.

 

SAR uses only one synthetic aperture - for coherent signal energy density compression (to increase the image brightness). This feat is called "Gain". SAR has a Gain of about 10⁴. MIRIAH is the world's first EM imaging architecture for satellites with two multiplied coherent Gain stages (wherein the total Gain: GT = G1 x G2). Note that while neither of these two stages use SAR's synthetic aperture method, they are both mature state-of-the-art methods. This innovation "explodes" the overall Gain to unheard of levels (10¹⁶), which are about ten thousand times ( ~ 10⁴ ) greater than the world's largest antenna, and about a billion times ( ~ 10⁹ ) greater than for SAR satellites! So, by abandoning the artificial boundary of SAR's architecture and replacing it with an architecture limited only by the boundary of Physics, and by adding new features which SAR is incapable of, MIRIAH offers the world a huge breakthrough in satellite imaging. Yet, since MIRIAH accomplishes this with mature state-of-the-art stages, it will have only a minimal technical risk.

 

MIRIAH is a Satellite architecture, which is primarily designed for near real time, fine resolution, global microwave imaging of the earth's surface and subsurface. This imaging service will provide ten updates daily, day or night, in all weather, penetrating foliage and other obscurants, including permeable soils. MIRIAH's imagery will have high contrast (its Signal/Noise Ratio will be 100,000 times greater than SAR). It will be accessible globally on an open demand basis (i.e., enabled with multi-access). It will have finer resolution (<1 meter), and it will be both hyper-spectral and diverse in polarity. This mix of attributes has been badly needed, but has never been possible before.

 

This success was made possible at the expense of a modest, practical, and inexpensive increase in architectural changes to SAR's "flat earth" raw data model - to a "spherical" earth model. The new model also dropped SAR's Range/Doppler (Radar) systems in favor of forward scattered Interferometer triads, with two Power-Apertures (P-A) followed by a Matched Filter (MF) for final phase detection, recording, and imaging (rather than conventional synthetic aperture phase detection, recording, and imaging via special antenna designs and complex computer processing). MIRIAH's systems are "light years" simpler and more efficient than SAR systems. With this improvement we can now go all the way to the boundary of Physics (whereas before the over simplified SAR model made this impracticable). And MIRIAH also does this in 3-D holography!

 

One will be able to "zoom" in and out; one will be able to change the phase center at will in order to see an object from another aspect angle (which varies the "glint" in order to improve the identification of the object in ways never possible before for remote sensing). One can "visit" clandestine sites safely, "walking around" to observe in 3-D (moving the phase center) in "color" (hyper-spectral selection), in order to determine if its inhabitants are hostile or friendly, etc. In agriculture, one can now see the trees (and their condition), rather than just the forest. One can now see the plants (and their health), rather than just the field. One can now see an underground pipe leak, rather than wonder why the inflow is so much lower than the outflow. The farmer can accurately measure water sources both above and below ground level. And for the first time ever, crop mass can be tracked as the plants grow so that accurate crop futures knowledge will lead to successful farming. And the ROSÆ - MIRIAH network is the most inexpensive and profitable multi-purpose communications, navigation/tracking, and imaging global satellite architecture.

 

6. Sociological Purpose of this Invention.

 

MIRIAH's "ground truth for all" will help in establishing a true and lasting peace, while also greatly enhancing the global economy. Now, a new and more powerful "Real Time Google Globe on Steroids" will be at everyone's fingertips via the Internet, and so they will no longer be held hostage to the TV "News", but rather all will be able to check up on governments and businesses to verify "ground truth" in person. Now, stock holders will be able to verify their Board's enterprises in the field to "short stop" insider trading, and similarly, the governed will be able to verify critical international events which effect national political decisions, etc. (a better "Patriot Act"). This is not an invitation to anarchy; rather, it is a responsible means to return to a level playing field for those governments and industries who know that rewarding honest work is the best policy. For history has shown that industrious and moral people thrive, whereas, lazy and immoral people go the way of ancient Rome. For example, Christians quote Jesus' words: "The truth will make you free"; MIRIAH offers comprehensive "ground truth", which in responsible hands will lead to prosperity, peace, and a just society for all. (To back this up, ROSÆ Inc. is offering Non Exclusive Licenses to all businesses and nations so that no one will be left out).

 

7. Typical commercial users and their demands.

 

This imaging service will provide the tools needed to manage urban growth, aging infrastructure, watersheds, traffic congestion and safety, declining or recovering natural resources, etc. It will provide detailed information on new growth and harvesting of forests and agricultural crops including volumetric and density information daily (in 3-D). It will provide a daily detailed survey on the geographic distribution of man made objects and natural species as needed for the profitable management of farming, forestry, fisheries, industry, and transportation. It will identify diseased crops, moisture transpiration rates, forest fire potential, mineral deficiency, crop growth rate for individual species, estimates of regional crop yields and futures for agricultural planning and efficient management, etc.

 

MIRIAH's penetration imaging mode will provide information on the underground aquifer condition, moisture distribution, mineral deposits, underground strata locations, gravel beds, precious metals, subsurface public works infrastructure status, etc. When combined with its 3-D imaging capability, its penetration capability will enable the determination of accurate mass growth rate of species for the first time in the Remote Sensing art from Satellites. This mode will also disclose clandestine operations inside caves or buildings, day or night, in all weather conditions, where terrorists prepare dangerous weapons.

 

DIFMIRIAH's moving target mode will provide information on aircraft location, aircraft trajectory prediction and collision avoidance for denser traffic patterns, etc. It will discriminate and track specific vehicle types, and their location (this will require a dual mode referencing method). Combined with the penetration mode, it will provide information on petroleum flow in pipes, breaks in pipes, leaks, etc.

 

In a differencing mode, MIRIAH will enable the imaging of stress trends in the earth's mantle for earthquake and volcano predictions.

 

8. Technology areas focused on by this invention.

 

Scientists working in global imaging disciplines agree EM is the only medium (particularly for frequencies in the vicinity of microwave), which can image the world day or night, in all weather, in a timely fashion, with fine resolution, over large areas. They agree active illumination and "synthetic" aperture image reconstruction has been the most promising EM technology (known as SAR - for Synthetic Aperture Radar). Or, equivalently, the growth in time of a Matched Filter (MF) as a "synthetic" image source. The SAR has the fastest "reponse time", whereas the MF has the fastest "throughput time" (which is the most crtical need, since all information is perishable and quickly becomes "history" - too late to repond to). They also agree the Interferometer is the most accurate of all known angular measurement devices. Therefore, MIRIAH merges ROSÆ with (1) Microwave technology, (2) Interferometer technology, (3) Matched Filter Coherent Construction technology, (4) Disc "Read/Write" technolgy, and (5) the SARAH architecture (for its precise image format control for disc recording), in order to enable real time global multi-access (from anywhere, to anywhere, at anytime).

 

9. Typical military users and their demands.

 

A lack of near real time tactical intelligence lies at the root of many unnecessary and wasteful international conflicts. Intelligence analysts need fine spatial resolution in order to properly identify potential threats. And they need fine spectral resolution in order to to sort through “mountains” of data, using a Geographic Information System (GIS), in order to more quickly focus on the more serious threats in near real time, in order to act on threats before they can damage or otherwise interfere with military missions. To accomplish this, the overall data rate must fit in with the daily tactical response rate, and for automatic GIS, sampling rate and channel numbers must be the same (for a square matrix), and the spectral resolution must be fine. Yet, when target species are sorted, the Intelligence analyst must next have fine spatial resolution imagery. This is a tall order for EM imaging (as required for day or night all weather imaging), which only MIRIAH has solved.

 

In order for MIRIAH to identify targets, they must remain stationary for the coherence time necessary to fill the MF. Whereas, to track the target once identified, DIFMIRIAH is the system of choice. This envisions an operational system in which the object is first identified with MIRIAH in near real time, and once identified a dossier of its attributes are filed and "tagged" to that target as its position and velocity are monitored by DIFMIRIAH in real time.

 

10. Capital Investment Profit, Security, and Freedom.

Today's remote sensing market is primarily served by these three (3) imaging satellite types: (1) optical satellites, (2) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites , and (3) infrared satellites. MIRIAH will add a fourth type (4).

Since an image has two dimensions, then all EM imaging systems must have two signals (preferably orthogonal). Hence, the complex return from the FOV for MIRIAH's signal structure has an orthogonal signal pair, comprised of two (2) returns from (1) a family of prolate spheroids in "range" (phase perpendicular to the Interferometer's baseline) and (2) a family of hyperboloids of two sheets in "azimuth" (phase parallel to the Interferometer's baseline), distributed over the area of the pixel. And this complex signal for MIRIAH has pure phase in both directions, which are orthogonal for every pixel throughout the entire FOV. (These two streams are also visible in this Figure). Whereas, for SAR, its two signals are in range (time difference) and in azimuth (Doppler History phase), which is a signal pair which is orthogonal only at the center of the beam, which gradually shifts to a canted non orthogonal signal structure elsewhere within the beam. Further, since time difference is only an artificial "phase like" signal, rather than real phase, then it is "quasi" coherent, rather than entirely coherent (as is MIRIAH). Then since the Doppler History phase component must be sampled and then time correlated with 1) range (or time) difference, and 2) a "look" time equal to the antenna length divided by the Doppler wave velocity, then SAR must digitize at the end of each "look", in order to be mathematically correlated, since SAR pixel generation is a computer process. Since digitalization stops the phase aggregation for SAR, and the SNR must be positive for the analog - to - digital (A/D) transformation process, then this is a restriction on SAR. Whereas, this is not true of MIRIAH, which can both continue to aggregate phase as well as accept signals well below the noise level, as its ultimate coherent Gain is so large (i.e., 10¹⁶). Furthermore, this drives the size of the SAR's antenna, and restricts its wavelength, since it is the "aperture" for its math process, whereas this is not true for MIRIAH, which does not detect phase until its Matched Filter (MF) is "fully filled" at its illumination wavelength on its disc(s), at which time phase is detected by an illumination at laser wavelength. Then since the laser wavelength is so extremely small, even a tiny "nanotech" sized disc's "aperture" will contain thousands of more wavelength samples than the largest of SAR has on its huge antenna. This is why a SAR is restricted to small swaths (maybe 20 miles wide) in order to have fine resolution, whereas MIRIAH images the entire visible FOV (millions of square miles), since its resolution gets finer as its FOV gets larger (noting that the larger the FOV, the smaller the per unit cost to the user, which is why MIRIAH is commercially viable whereas SAR is not).

Physics (e.g., the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle) limits all of these imaging types. The EM version of the Uncertainty Principle involves the incremental measurements in the determination of time slot displacements (Dt), and frequency (Df, the differential displacement of frequency and/or phase), as follows: Dt x Df = h/4p, where h is Planck's constant = 6.626068 × 10^-34 m²kg/s, and where Dt is the error in time measurement, and Df is the error in frequency measurement. (Note: Another expression of the Uncertainty Principle uses this form: DT x DB > p, wherein T is response time and B is Bandwidth). The Uncertainty Principle is critical in describing the differences in how SAR works vs. how MIRIAH works. For, Df (or DB) establishes the imagery's phase discriminated spectral resolution. The frequency (f) at the time when phase is discriminated, establishes the precise wavelength (l) and its bandwidth in the final image (wherein wavelength is l = C/f (and C is the constant speed of light = 3 x 10⁸ meters/sec). The minimum value of the spatial granularity (Dx, the differential displacement of position) in the final image (Dx² is the smallest pixel area displacement), establishes the minimum size of the "paint brush" used in capturing pixels in the final image, and so, also sets the minimum size of the surface area needed to capture all of the image pixels at its design resolution, where (Dx² ~ (l/3)² is the resolved pixel area per our Math Model for MIRIAH (SAR's resolution is not this fine). Then Dx² is a critical criteria for both SAR and MIRIAH, since SAR detects phase at microwave wavelength, while MIRIAH detects phase at a laser's much shorter wavelength. And so MIRIAH uses a much finer "paint brush" (smaller Dx²) and can compress the physical size of the surface on which the final image is to be captured. This much greater physical compression equates to more energy density. which is a major reason MIRIAH can use disc technology for this phase detection (and image transformation), while SAR is forced to use a huge antenna for the same purpose. In fact this is one of the major reasons why MIRIAH delays the point of phase detection until after the MF has been "fully filled" (a completely formed diffraction pattern on the disc surface "fully filling" (the entire visible field of view) vs. SAR's "rush" to detect phase and digitize as soon as the signal fills only the synthetic aperture's "look" (of a very restricted area FOV) at the receiving antenna . For SAR, image reconstruction is a computer process, and due to signal level considerations, the synthetic aperture data on the antenna surface has to be digitized as soon as each "look" is filled (true for SAR, but not for MIRIAH).

At the time the SAR detects phase, it does this on the antenna surface, at which time its illumination frequency is microwave. Whereas, MIRIAH does not detect phase at this time or place, since this transformation takes place at a disc (not at an antenna). SAR is restricted to this method, since it lacks a 2nd Power-Aperture, whereas MIRIAH has a 2nd Power-Aperture. This allows MIRIAH to delay this detection until much later, and with a much shorter laser illumination wavelength (at the moment of phase detection - the moment when the Uncertainty Principle is exercised and so dominates the minimum discernable phase, and so the minimum Dx). Again, we must emphasize, the moment when phase detection occurs is always the moment when the phase - to - image transformation and digitalization occurs (and not before, and not after). Whales and Porpoises also detect the images of fish schools and their own pods in this manner. They accomplish this feat, within the limits of the Uncertainty Principle, within their brains, and they come close to the Uncertainty limit by a method in which they "chirp" the sounds through a range of frequencies (we have all heard these "chirps" on "Flipper's" TV shows). Similarly, since MIRIAH's aspect angle varies cyclically, the ground level component of the constant coherent illumination signal cycles in wavelength increments (Dl), and so MIRIAH's frequency (f) "chirps" too. Both SAR and MIRIAH need to "chirp" their frequencies (spreading the bandwidth) in order to achieve a compression of the complex return at the receiver when "de-chirped" for fine resolution imagery (by compressing the frequency's spectrum spread). But where SAR "remembers" its outgoing "chirp", MIRIAH's "chirp" is the apriori known shift in the bistatic aspect angle, which cyclically changes the ratio of Dx Df/C = Dx/Dl in a far smoother, and more deterministic imagery "chirp" than SAR's.

The images which humans see (and detect) are known as "real" images, whereas the imagery data which whales and porpoises "see" in their minds (and SAR and Submarine Sonar receives and detects), are known as "virtual" images. MIRIAH's "virtual" imagery recording at the MF first grows into a collage of fringes, each of which is radially concentric about a pixel - known as a "zone plate" - a kind of Fresnel lens - which diffracts light to form a greatly intensified pixel energy density. The MF, when "fully filled", and then illuminated by a collimated laser, will contain millions of energy intensive pixels in the image plane (at a certain focal length from the MF's plane). Again, note that MIRIAH's "virtual" imagery recording at its MF (prior to illumination and detection), becomes a "real" image when the MF's "virtual imagery" phase data is detected (which occurs the moment when the MF is illuminated by a collimated laser to form the "real" image).

A SAR's raw data focuses a "flat" earth, while its phase is being detected by the modules, which are embedded on the surface of its antenna (i.e., while the "look" is "read", and the A/D conversion completed). So it uses a 2-D "look" by "look" rectilinear coordinate system with origin at the center of each "look's" swath. Its final 2-D image is a mosaic of these "look" by "look" swath segments, corrected to focus a spherical earth mathematically (in a digital computer), and also corrected for errors in orthogonality, linearity, and conformality. But due to large covariances in the error correcting regression analysis matrixes, these "corrections" lead to serious compromises in accuracy and timeliness. Whereas, once MIRIAH's MF has been "fully filled" (whose raw data focuses a spherical earth, linearly, orthogonally, and conformally upon the MF's Fourier Plane), it will then be illuminated by a collimated laser to detect phase focused on the image plane, and then digitized, i.e., phase is first detected by the laser "read", and then A/D converted. (This narrated Figure depicts this, and "speaks" to the performance implications). Obviously, the larger the FOV becomes, the greater will be the focal plane depth of field. Hence, due to MIRIAH's huge spherically focused FOV, its raw (analog) data uses a 3-D polar coordinate system, with origin at the earth's gravity center, whose radial component varies significantly to accomodate the earth's spherical surface. This raw data stream's analog process employs an inverse Fourier Transformation of Jack L. Walker's algorithm to focus a spherical object FOV, as outlined in the SARAH Patent (Grisham, Patent No: US 4,602,257, July 22, 1986). Therefore. an inverse transform would have a simple sinusoidal variation in focal distance, which makes it readily adaptable to simple analog processing (upstream of the A/D conversion, after which digital processing occurs). At MIRIAH's MEO orbit altitude, the Sun and Moon gravity variations, and the earth's Tesseral anomalies are all negligible, whereas the earth's triaxial zonal and sectorial gravity field anomalies dominate. MIRIAH's links have very accurate Doppler and Range measurements, yet by employing the GRACE project's methods (www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/), the gravity field's effects on the three components of the MIRIAH coordinate system can be determined to even greater accuracy. Furthermore, ROSÆ - MIRIAH's vertical intrasat links reinforce this mensurational leverage, since the range sum of tandem pairs is nominally constant, and the Doppler sum is nominally zero, while its horizontal links are all comprised of equilateral triangles, which provide optimum mensurational leverage in 3-D. Then since the fully populated ROSÆ network will have 96 intrasat bistatic links distributed in 3-D, all of which have the property of Constant Angular Momentum, whereas the GRACE experiment had only 1 intrasat bistatic link, then the determination of the zonal and sectorial gravity anomalies of the world will be greatly improved. And this improvement will improve MIRIAH's imaging performance.

For optimum spatial resolution, SAR is designed for precise measurements of Range (R), which relates to the measurement error of time (Dt), since DR = CDt. And so since SAR is designed to measure Dt with minimum error, it suffers a very large error in Df (which is why SAR will never be hyper-spectral). For, due to the Uncertainty Principle, one can minimize error in only one of these two parameters at any one time, by any one system design. (This error in Df gets much worse for SAR, forcing a compromise on Dt, which then propagates as we will show below). So MIRIAH has two system types, i.e., it has two different Power-Apertures (PA) in order to minimize errors for both optimum spatial and spectral resolution. (Note: in the limit, as Df becomes smaller and smaller, the phase becomes more and more limited in its possible excursions and so more and more precisely defined - for fine spectral resolution). And so if we want to “Write” a Matched Filter to its maximum accuracy in phase (with finest diffraction intervals), we would design the 1st PA for that purpose (i.e., minimize Df), and the 2nd PA to minimize spatial errors, Dx, to obtain finest spatial resolution. Since Df requires a narrow bandwidth in order to limit the uncertainty of phase, while DR and/or Dx require a wide bandwidth to limit the uncertainty of spatial error, then that explains why MIRIAH is designed with its two PA in which the 1st PA has a very narrow bandwidth and the 2nd PA has a very wide bandwidth. (Deeper insights are "taught" in Figure 4, and in Figure 5).

It's clear then that the Uncertainty Principle demands that an EM architecture, which is designed to approach the limits of Physics, can only do so if it accommodates the two parametric variables of the Principle. For example, If we use the DT x DB > p form of the Principle, a wide bandwidth would be expected of a small DT system (for small DR), and a narrow bandwidth would be expected of a small DB system (for a hyper-spectral capability with fine spectral resolution). But, which should we start with first - narrow bandwidth or wide bandwidth? That is to say, which should be the 1st PA, and which should be the 2nd PA? When you ask yourself that question, you will see the answer must be the 1st PA should have a narrow bandwidth, since then the 2nd PA will only have fine spectral resolution channels available (from about five initially to hundreds eventually), so we can get both fine spectral and fine spatial resolutions for hyper-spectral systems, and also have the "Supply/"Demand" ratio we need for practical economics, and extreme coherent Gain (via maximum zone plate sizes with minimum diffraction grating intervals). Also, downstream of the 1st PA we will then have a bundled group of very narrow bandwidth channels, whose "Chirp" is due to the cycling of MIRIAH's aspect angle, which results in a sinusoidal "Chirp" input to the 2nd PA. For, a "Chirp" input to the 2nd PA is another requirement for the hardware receiving systems to "Un-chirp" and so compress the energy density, or [(power density) x (coherence time interval)] = Gain, wherein the coherent interval needed gets smaller as the satellite population gets larger. And, since only Interferometers will give us hardware systems which will accommodate this arrangement of Power-Apertures (as shown here in this abbreviated functional diagram), then we arrive at the conclusion: "it's either MIRIAH or no other architecture is available" within the Laws of Physics. So for those who hold any doubts about MIRIAH's feasibility, and based on that "assumption" they would withhold R&D funds, then they are holding back on a 1 $Million investment with a 100 $Billion potential, which is a 1 in 100,000, or 0.001% risk probability (while most projects get the green light on only a 5%, or 1 in 20 risk probability). So there is no logical (businesswise) reason for holding back on MIRIAH's R&D funding. (Yet, MIRIAH was invented in 1999, and it is still unfunded for Phase 2 R&D and T&E funding nine years later).

Of course both architectures, SAR and MIRIAH, will have systematic errors. A complete system error control involves huge matrixes and very involved regression analysis. But it should be obvious, that no error control system can overcome the limitations of the Uncertainty Principle, since this involves the limitations of Basic Physics which all systems will obey. For this reason, SAR will start off with a larger error than MIRIAH will. And like all experiences with systematic errors, a monotonic error bias will always surface, which will propagate in time. So in comparing these two architectures, SAR's error propagation will degrade its performance the fastest. The question then is how bad and how fast will this difference happen?

Again, SAR uses range gates time correlated to Doppler History (phase) to image synthetically in a computer. And, the uncertainty of the range gate is DR = CDt (range error minimum), wherein Dt is forced to be traded against phase uncertainty, Df, by the Uncertainty Principle. SAR minimizes DR by "chirping" across a large "spread spectrum frequency", which also gives it a fast response time (but unfortunately a "throughput" time much longer than MIRIAH's). However, since SAR must "side look" to avoid ambiguities, its enlarged Df cross couples in the "side looked" ground reflection as a DR "smear", thereby enlarging the DR error, and that then forces a DR error spread all along its synthetic aperture which propagates at the velocity of light, since the range gate displaces across the surface at the velocity of light. Whereas, MIRIAH's phase error, Df, is not compromised since MIRIAH uses two Power-Apertures (PA), in which PA-1 minimizes Df first as the input imagery stream into PA-2, which can then separately minimize Dx (for each and every hyper-spectral channel, while SAR will never be hyper-spectral since its Df is so huge). But now, MIRIAH's smaller Dx errors (much smaller than DR) are only moving at the velocity of the VLA phase center - about the same as the satellite velocity. So the ratio of the velocity of light to the velocity of MIRIAH's satellites, which is about 10⁹, is the first order effect on the accumulation of phase error (other error sources exist, but are minor compared to this). This huge DR error difference then accounts for at least a 10⁹ greater tolerance of phase errors in favor of MIRIAH over SAR. Then, since a typical SAR's coherence time is about 3 to 5 seconds (due to these propagated errors), MIRIAH's 10¹⁶ Coherence Time is at least 10⁹ longer than it has to be, since its error propagation is at least that much smaller. Our Math Model was based on this reality. (But more to the point, Interferometers are relatively insensitive to coherence time in the first place).

The two graphs printed on the last page of that Math Model show that if MIRIAH were a 2-D SAR, the Gain would be essentially the same as the Gain of the MF (link to an excerpt of that Math Model here - see the last page). For, on page 15, the model proves the extent of every pixel's "Zone Plate" is the same as the illumination swath's area (scaled to the disc area), which is then justified as a valid basis for calculating Gain on pages 16 to 17. The last two graphs then prove that MIRIAH's MF methodology is a micro scaled nanotech "clone" of a huge "fully filled" global covering geodesic antenna surface employing SAR like synthetic apertures, which if real (which of course it is not) would be totally impracticable since each of ROSÆ's eight geodesic surfaces would appear overhead as a gigantic SAR type antenna 5,000 miles overhead that stretched from horizon to horizon !! Of course this is economically impossible. Yet, through the "magic" of the nanotechnology method enabled by MIRIAH, this technology strategy is both equivalent in performance, to this monster global antenna, and yet economically practical, and will revolutionize global imaging at a very small cost.

In summary, since a SAR is always dependent on coherence time for the extent of its synthetic aperture, and since all SAR are time correlated, then the long term coherence time of its time standard (atomic clocks) limits the entire technology. These clocks have excellent short term coherence, but rather poor long term coherence at their microwave frequencies. Whereas, MIRIAH is not significantly dependent on the long term coherence of its clocks, Rather, like any other satellite Interferometric array, MIRIAH depends on the long term stability of its orbits, since the stability of its imagery depends on the geometric stability of its VLA (again, as with any other Interferometer) and its motion in space. And that stability is the same as the stability and dependability of the sun - moon - earth orbital stability, as well as that of the stars, which is 1 part in 10¹⁶ for the 2-D image plates. For, just as the stars are stable in the Universe, so too will ROSÆ - MIRIAH be stable due to its ponderous Angular Momentum (also the reason for the stability of our sun - moon - planet orbital system). Hence, when we speak of coherence time limits for SAR, we mean long term stability limits of atomic clocks at microwave frequencies. Whereas, we speak of Dwell Time stability in MIRIAH's case. They are clearly totally different concepts, and was (and still is) a stumbling block for the SAR experts who have evaluated MIRIAH in the past as though it too had coherence time as a limitation.

Also, a SAR's "look" by "look" aperture is its antenna surface, whereas MIRIAH's use of IR or laser wavelengths during its 2nd P.A., which are up to 10⁹ smaller, commensurate with its nanotech sized disc surfaces (or other nanotech memories) for "look" by "look" recording. Comparing SAR's largest satellite antenna (which is a whopping 21 meters long) to a hypothetical standard sized disc for MIRIAH (8 cm or smaller), when the "look" is sampled, which is at the moment that the Uncertainty Principle "rules", MIRIAH's tiny "look" by "look" aperture has greater than 2,000 times more wavelengths across its tiny little "look" aperture than does SAR's huge antenna! This invites even more nanotech miniaturization. Furthermore, the 10¹⁶ energy density compression is about 10¹² in MIRIAH's favor over SAR. In short, the evaluation of Interferometric space arrays like MIRIAH should be subjected to mensurational geodesy scaled at nanotech wavelength and disc sizes first, and conventional SAR and its EM technology "cousins" a very distant second.

Bill Clinton once said, "It's the economy stupid", which is why all Scientists and Engineers, whose training has predisposed them to favor the existing EM Imaging technology (like SAR), should study this hyper-link on how SAR's economic properties differ from MIRIAH's economic properties (for, this chart outlines the primary critical economic reality, which motivates the urgent development of MIRIAH as soon as possible). Systems engineers will be further enlightened by a systems level discussion of the new trade offs introduced by MIRIAH's new technology, as described in this hyper-link, which compares MIRIAH vs. NASA's SIR-C technology. (This discussion is not rigorous, but these new Trade Offs will be new and enlightening to most EM Imaging Scientists and Engineers).

In view of this totally new technology, I think a personal observation is appropriate at this point, since this new technology is just too important to (1) the world's economy (10's to 100's $Billion in annual Revenue), and (2) its unique ability to give us new information, which we desperately need to manage global trade, resources, and our planet's fragile environment, From the above technical discussion, it's clear that a large difference exists in the existing EM "macro" imaging technology and MIRIAH's "micro" EM imaging technology. For the past nine years, misunderstandings, by "old guard" SAR advocates has created a stumbling block for this new and vastly improved development. This is also due in part to our income tax system, which severely limits startup systems to governmental subsidized R&D, in which nearly 100% of our EM experts are trained in SAR and similar technologies. So now, MIRIAH's discovery forces us to question this "turf battle". In my opinion, our commercial and government leaders must not tolerate this impasse any longer for the sake of the many over the few. And there are other reasons why this development must be expedited, as follows.

One of the other innovative changes MIRIAH makes in EM imaging technology, is its use of two Power-Apertures (PA) in order to increase the flexibility of systems level design, as well as to greatly improve performance consistent with much more practical economics. (We have developed reliable Math Models at the architectural level, which prove these major assets inherent in MIRIAH). This architectural change has eliminated a host of problems which formerly limited the potential performance of SAR. For example, SAR demands a positive Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) at the output of its one and only PA’s synthetic aperture in order to digitize and process this imagery data (first to "cleanup" its badly flawed raw imagery data, then to reconstruct the image from its Fourier replica). Whereas, MIRIAH can operate with extremely negative SNR at the output of its 1^st PA, since it has a 2^nd PA which has a 10¹⁶ coherent Gain, which is 10⁹ times larger than SAR's. This enormous Gain will be realized as the phase is detected by coherently illuminating the 2^nd PA's Matched Filter (MF), after which the imagery will be digitized for further processing. And, this Gain results in a remarkable increase in MIRIAH's efficiency. Hence, where SAR Satellites are huge, extremely expensive, and are needed in large quantities for global coverage, MIRIAH's Satellites will be very small, inexpensive, and global coverage will require far fewer Satellites (3 is minimum to 12 maximum). The global SAR fleet would cost about 60 $Billion, whereas the much smaller ROSÆ - MIRIAH network would cost less than 1% of that. Additionally, many of the processing difficulties encountered with SAR are eliminated altogether with MIRIAH’s near perfect raw data characteristics (which are ideally linear, orthogonal, conformal, stable, focuses a spherical earth, does not require registration adjustments via calibration to “bright” objects, etc.). MIRIAH also has a much longer coherence time than is possible with SAR, since MIRIAH takes full advantage of the Uncertainty Principle of Physics. SAR's imagery data, at its 1^st and only PA output, is a "virtual image" (SAR's "real" images are developed in a computer from this "virtual image" by a very complex and time consuming process), whereas MIRIAH's 2^nd PA output is a "real image" (already developed in the image plane when the MF is illuminated during the 2^nd PA). So even though SAR's response time is faster than MIRIAH's, its throughput time is much slower, and will never be responsive to Tactical urgencies.

For all of these reasons, SAR is a serious economic loser, needing huge tax money subsidies (ruining it for large scale commercial markets). SAR is also useful only for strategic military Intelligence in the main, whereas the need is more pressing for adding tactical military Intelligence. While MIRIAH is perfectly suited for both highly profitable commercial markets, as well as military tactical (near real time) and strategic markets. For all of these reasons, there is no question of “if” the MIRIAH technology will be accepted and promoted, but only the question of “when”. And, in the meantime, America’s economy is suffering in ways which MIRIAH can help, and our soldiers are dying unnecessarily from clandestine terrors in the field which would be exposed to the light of day by MIRIAH - whether on the surface or under it ( i.e., road side bombs!).

12. MIRIAH's Matched Filters (MF) Have Optical Properties.

The first SAR image transformations (circa 1940), from their "virtual" imagery form to "real" images, was accomplished by optical components. But due to SAR's "side looking" aspect angles, the optical components had conical lenses, which made these early systems so inefficient and limited that the SAR scientists switched to digital transformations. Whereas, MIRIAH's MF have conventional optical properties which can make the transfer from "virtual" to "real" directly, i.e., the MF is a hologram, comprised of millions of overlapping Fresnel lenses, each one of which can focus an illuminating collimated laser beam directly onto the image plane to reproduce fine resolution "real" pixels of a huge FOV (Field of View). While this basic MF technology is mature (it has been in practice for 45 years), it was not the technology used in practice by SAR, and so in the minds of most SAR experts, this mature technology needs to be relearned by the majority of the EM community if they are to participlate in the MIRIAH enterprise. But in the meantime, we expect the early versions of MIRIAH's MF systems to be simple, efficient, and adequate in their performance to meet the initial market demand, and that further development will evolve in time (as it has for SAR technolgy over the past 67 years).

Holography is photography without a lens, in which imagery is captured, but not as an image focused on the recording medium (a "real" image), but rather as an interference pattern (a "virtual" image). For a typical optical hologram, coherent light from a wide beam width laser (to cover all objects illuminated over a large FOV) is reflected from the objects and combined at the film with light from a reference beam. However, since the EM spectrum is a continuum, then MIRIAH simply replaces a laser source with a highly coherent wide beam width (and so very narrow bandwidth) Interferometer triad microwave source (or UHF or other frequency) which provides both the coherent illumination beam and the reference beam. And the hologram is exercised over a very wide 3-D solid angle in azimuth, elevation, and traverse (as in the black trace's traverse in this figure from the Coverage Math Model) in order to capture the rich 3-D information content characteristic of holography (including "glint" variances in excess of 40dB, i.e., SNR > 10,000). This is why MIRIAH's holograms are produced on a disc surface in analog form automatically, without the need for computer processing, for all objects which are stationary during the MF's "Fill time". This hologram recording is therefore a most perfectly formed MF (Matched Filter). After the MF is formed (and never before it is formed) the image can be digitized for further computer processing. So MIRIAH's MF have unique optical properties. One can zoom in or out. One can change the phase center at will and in this way "walk around objects" watching the changing 3-D aspect and changing reflectivity, changing "glints", etc. In this way one can investigate the ground truth in ways never before possible. And this is not simply "general theory", for we have developed a comprehensive Math Model which proves MIRIAH's holographic capabilities. The Model shows that every pixel in the image plane has a "Zone Plate" located at the MF's plane (The Fourier Plane), centered on its corresponding pixel in the image plane. A non propriety (abridged) version of this Math Model is linked here, which depicts this "Zone Plate" (see Figure 7c), which acts as a kind of Fresnel lens with a very high Gain, which focuses its average 10¹⁶ energy density gain onto the image plane, as it is illuminated by a laser during the 2nd Power-Aperture process.

 

13. Decreasing Orbital Insertion Costs While Improving Reliability.

 

ROSÆ lends itself to great savings in the number of booster rockets needed to launch its 12 Satellites. For ROSÆ has 6 pairs of satellites, which rotate in the same plane about the same Angular Momentum Vector, with epochs 180 degrees apart. Hence, its satellites can be "piggy backed" and inserted 12 hours apart (in Sidereal Time), thereby cutting the number of boosters in half. This savings applies to its lower populations for "start up" services (i.e., 4 Sats, 6 Sats, 8 Sats, etc.). Additionally, since MIRIAH -ROSÆ is best employed with resonant orbits (see above), this leads to further economies by way of a strategy of using resonant parking and transfer orbits for insertion, wherein the period of these orbits is a higher integer to that of the final orbit. This strategy enables the optimum "Hohman Transfer Ellipse" orbital "burn" efficiency for each stage, as well as minimizing problems with launch "holds" (a perennial problem). Finally then, since 90% of the cost of space systems is charged off to the launching booster, this is a very significant cost reduction. Also, as the probability of failure of each of the final insertion "burns" is shared, the cost of failure is reduced.

 

14. Improving the Imagery Data Management

 

Since disc technology is at the cutting edge of information density and speed, with random access for global multi-access services, MIRIAH, a derivative of ROSÆ, capitalizes on this by enabling imaging formats which focus a rotating spherical earth linearly to a disc. This technical strategy enables this most advanced medium for writing and reading imaging data in real-time, capable of random access (like the telephone, the Internet, etc.). MIRIAH also enables its holographic 3-D imaging data "surfaces", and its Interferometric 3-D reference data "surfaces", to be both linear and orthogonal throughout the global signal region. And MIRIAH's data is conformal, with global coverage without gaps, and without discontinuities, or large projection distortions (as necessary for holography). So MIRIAH is a huge advance over SAR's 2-D focus of a "flat earth", with SAR's monotonically increasing linearity and orthogonality errors, and its sequential access raw data format, apropos to its need for error correcting operations, but inappropriate to compatibility with the Internet, or other random access media.

 

15. Eliminating Faraday Rotation Errors

 

SAR uses a "side looking phase center" with monostatic backscatter propagation, which induces serious Faraday phase rotational errors. Whereas, bistatic illuminating MIRIAH, following the collimated laser illumination of its Matched Filter (MF), and after its image has been digitized, the phase centers of the three Interferometer's imagery data in each of its triads, is translated to the intersection of the three phase centerlines, which is the isometric axis of the orbital planes. In this way, the VLA phase centerline becomes perpendicular to the earth's surface, which eliminates Faraday Rotation.

 

16. Eliminating Side Lobes

 

SAR's FOV is always in the "Far Field" of both its physical antenna as well as its synthetic aperture, and so side lobes and aperture diffraction limits will interfere with the reflected signal power density, creating inaccurate contrast replication in the reconstructed image and other limitations. MIRIAH's physical aperture (antennae) illuminate with their main lobe from horizon to horizon (for maximum "Supply". as made feasible by the MF's huge Gain). So with such a large beam width, the side lobes are small, and the side lobes all radiate out into space, hence there is no multi-path effects to interfere with the imaging signal. Also, MIRIAH's VLA area is much greater than the FOV area, and the phase center of the VLA is closer to the FOV than the diameter of the VLA. Therefore, the FOV is in the "Near Field" for MIRIAH's MF. Therefore, the FOV and its replica - the "real" image generated during the illumination of the MF during the 2nd PA, will be free of side lobes, and their power density irregularities and aperture diffraction limitations.

 

17. Eliminating Doppler "Smear".

 

Once the MF has been "fully filled" on the first day of operations, then from that day forward the imagery updates will obey the Uncertainty Limit in that since the coherence time, T, is so long during the 1^st PA, then Dt will be extremely large (during the 1^st PA - not the 2^nd PA), while Df will be extremely small (per the Uncertainty Principle's limits). The Math Model shows this Df will be so small (2.3 10^-5 Hz), that it will block Bistatic Doppler, and so it will eliminate Doppler "Smear" from interfering with the "real" image output during the 2^nd PA. (See also the last paragraph in Section 21 below).

 

We expect many SAR and EM Scientists will be surprised to see this figure for DB of 2.3 10^-5 Hz, since conventional filters can't come even close to this. This figure was derived from the Uncertainty relation: DT x DB > p, where T is the huge coherence time of MIRIAH. This confusion has its roots in the completely different way that SAR (EM, etc.) vs. MIRIAH discriminates these errors in the Fourier Plane, as is made clear in this pair of (crudely drawn) Fourier Plane figures. For SAR, errors exist as two parameters (DT and DB in the Fourier Plane), whereas MIRIAH has only one (Dr in the Fourier Plane). For MIRIAH focuses a "spherical" earth, and so aggregates a radially symmetric "Zone Plate" in its Fourier Plane, whereas SAR focuses a "flat earth", and so uses a rectangular format (as shown in the above Figure). So it is perhaps misleading to use Bandwidth (B) in MIRIAH's case, but since MIRIAH's spatial resolution is a mensurational function (I.e., a function of geometry), then Dr can be derived as simply the ground level Resolution (m) / Swath (m). Since this is the numerical equivalent of DB, derived from the Uncertainty Principle. For, Doppler "smear" will broaden Dr in the Fourier Plane, whereas the "Zone Plate's" diffraction interval at its edge (wherein the diffraction interval is at its finest), will be opaque to broadened Dr values, but pass the non-broadened Dr values. Therefore, we felt justified in relating this discrimination performance to Bandwidth (despite the fact that this discrimination value was totally impracticable for SAR and other EM technologies).

 

This performance is further bolstered by the stability of the earth's angular velocity, which is 7.2921159 × 10^-5 rad/sec, in which these 8 significant figures are constant. And, since this is a 1-D figure, whereas each pixel in the image is recorded in 2-D, then the area determinism is one part in 10¹⁶. Similarly, ROSÆ - MIRIAH's large Angular Momentum, and so stability will be large, and so logically result in the aggregation of extraordinarily fine diffraction in the Fourier Plane. And, MIRIAH's bi-static Doppler is much smaller than SAR's mono-static Doppler. But, as shown in this outline of ROSÆ - MIRIAH's equilibrium sync, or "lock up" with the above 8 figure angular velocity of the earth - moon tri-axial gravity field's ponderous Angular Momentum, then it is plain to see MIRIAH will also sync through its resonance to acquire the 1 part in 10¹⁶ stable pixel accuracy. And so, the previous discussion of errors (in 11. The Limitations Imposed by Physics on Imaging) is at the root of this huge difference in the errors of these two totally different technologies (SAR vs. MIRIAH). Then superior error control in the raw data is at the root of MIRIAH's elimination of Doppler "Smear".

 

18. Eliminating Relativity Effects in the Data.

 

The ROSÆ Satellite architecture counter-rotates in symmetrical pairs, such that the composite data set is an inertially fixed set. Hence, there is no relative velocity within the inertial reference frame. The only remaining relative velocity is the earth's surface velocity relative to the inertial frame, which has relativity corrections in latitude which are very small, highly deterministic, and constant.

 

 

19. Improving Throughput Timeliness, Increasing Satellite Attitude Stability, and Conserving Satellite Non Renewable Assets.

 

Since MIRIAH is a derivative of the ROSÆ Satellite architecture, with its zero sum 1^st and 2^nd moments, then up to eight (8) separate illumination swaths can be added per satellite without introducing precession in the required constant pitch attitude control. (In the full 12 Satellite ROSÆ array, every satellite can link with every satellite not in its orbital plane, and illuminate a separate swath to more rapidly "fill" the MF, which is why MIRIAH's throughput time is so fast). This will result in "real" image refresh rates of 36 minutes for a full ROSÆ - MIRIAH architecture (or 72 minutes for MIRIAH*6, etc.). This is the basic reason for one of the MIRIAH's major attributes, i.e., its Tactical superiority (for both commercial and military users), since information can now be delivered in time to respond to dynamic conditions in the field. (Note: early MIRIAH systems will most likely use fewer swaths per satellite, e.g., four (4) swaths per satellite for a MIRIAH*6 design). Note that the Angular Momentum about the pitch axis will be increased as swaths and links are added, and so the satellite's stability will be improved as the 12 satellite array grows. In this way, Classical Mechanic forces will maintain optimum attitude control once the initial corrections have been applied by tiny "vernier" attitude correcton thrusts when the satellites arrive on station. This capability will conserve the limited non renewable mini-jet propulsion fuel, as well as increase the lifetime reliability of the satellites. And, a simple constant speed drive will exactly match the required pointing angles. Half of the links are vertical, while the other are horizontal, so each drive moves 4 beams per drive, with 2 vertical communication links and 2 horizontal communication links at 90⁰ to each other (plus the in plane Illumination beams angled to point at the FOV center). So with a central stator, and 2 opposite moving rotor drives (on each end), a single constant speed motor can drive 4 to 8 RF or Laser beams (via 2 degree of freedom couplings, e.g., universal joints, etc.), provided the 3dB half power beam widths are not exceeded. Hence, the more accurate the array becomes, then the higher the EM capacity will become. Considering the duplex nature of these three types of links, it's logical to increment the growth from MIRIAH*3, to MIRIAH*6, to the 12 satellite ROSÆ - MIRIAH constellation, in increments as follows:, i.e., 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96. (This is 1 set of 3 kinds of doubled (2) duplex beams per satellite, growing to 2 sets, then 4 sets, then 8 sets, then 16 sets, and finally 32 sets per satellite). Surprisingly, as the number of links grows, the satellite's job becomes progressively easier, rather than more difficult (as it would for a non symmetric, and dynamically unbalanced array). So what looks like a complex network, i.e., ROSÆ, as viewed from our 1-D gravity field, and rotating reference frame (the earth), actually leads to simpler, more powerful, and more reliable satellites, in their zero relative gravity, 3-D inertial reference frame. And that is what matters, rather than our perception from within a different reference.

 

20. The Data Flow Glut and How to Tame It

 

ROSÆ - MIRIAH's data glut is so huge that accessing its data stream onto a recording disc can be compared to trying to drink water out of a Fire Hose. To some this is a problem, but we consider it a challenge, not a problem. For to complain about this, as though it were a problem, is analogous to complaining about being short of miners for a gold mine which is so large and rich that the mine owner is complaining about too much gold to mine with the number of miners and equipment he has on hand. For this huge imagery data flow rate represents the satisfaction of the Intelligence mission which is the "gold", which the world is eagerly awaiting. It represents the data upon which a future "Real Time Google Globe on Steroids" will depend, which will benefit the lives of everyone on Planet Earth who can access the Internet.

 

We can further filter the data into (9) various classes as follows. By using GIS to filter hyper-spectral "signatures" of only those (1) specie "Signatures" (a kind of DNA). Using different TIll values to o select (2) various depths of the slices (surface - to - underground "slices"). Reading out (3) different areas by selective "Zooming", and "marquee" selection methods. Using different frequencies or averaging for (4) different spatial resolution. Using 2-D imagery first before final 3-D holography imagery in order to conserve the data magnitude needed during a more detailed analysis of a mission objective. Changing the SNR Threshold value in order to select (5) bright - to - dim object classes (i.e.,. sorted by contrast and/or (7) reflectivity). Viewing the planned two (8) polarized data in separate orthogonal sets. (9) Using panchromatic imagery first, before using hyper-spectral data, to increase the data analysis efficiency.

 

At the time when ROSÆ was invented, we were many orders of magnitude short of memory capacity and speed, compared to that which was needed. Today, we are still short, but only by about two or three orders of magnitude. And, that memory capacity gap is closing fast as disc speed and capacity state-of-the-art forges ahead.

 

21. Using 3-D and coherent "Nano-Technology" to increase Gain and Demand at lower Costs.

 

ROSÆ - MIRIAH enables a highly precise real time phase closure of sixteen VLA (Very Large Phased Arrays) comprised of equilateral triads of imaging VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometers). It also enables 2-D "Matched Filters" (MF), with a theoretical Gain of 10¹⁶ (this is a trillion times larger than the best SAR's "Synthetic Aperture" Gain). So we confidently claim the ROSÆ-SARAH-MIRIAH "family" is the world's most powerful information satellite architecture, for communications, imaging, and navigation/tracking.

  

SAR has only one Power-Aperture (PA), which uses an extremely wide bandwidth to improve spatial resolution, which drastically reduces the coverage swath. Therefore, in economic terms, "Supply" lags "Demand" for SAR. This is so severe, that government subsidy is needed to make SAR economically possible. Whereas, MIRIAH uses two PA in which "Supply" meets "Demand".

 

SAR uses a laser to "Read"/"Write" (R/W) after phase has been detected at the receiving antenna, whereas MIRIAH "Writes" the MF with a conventional R/W laser before phase detection, and then uses a large diameter collimated laser to "Write" the image (and so detect phase) for much finer resolution and Gain. For, MIRIAH detects phase as the collimated laser "Writes" from the MF's plane to the image plane. So, MIRIAH's 1st PA has an extremely narrow bandwidth, while its 2nd PA's collimated laser has an extremely wide bandwidth. And, while most SAR systems use large antenna for fine resolution and Gain, MIRIAH uses much smaller discs to record the MF for even finer resolution and more Gain. For, SAR detects phase at microwave frequencies, while MIRIAH detects phase at laser frequncies, which are many orders of magnitude apart in frequency at the time of phase detection. Hence, in wavelengths, MIRIAH's tiny discs capture many times more wavelengths than SAR's huge antenna. In this way, MIRIAH overcomes SAR's "Supply" limitation consistent with better "Demand" (for its finer resolution and hyper-spectral imagery). And, MIRIAH enables a breakthrough with its 10¹⁶ Coherent Gain, thereby lowering "Costs" for very large "Profit" (at least 10,000 times more $Demand/$Cost than SAR).

 

The Time-Bandwidth product is a fixed by Physics to: DT x DB > p . And the coherence time, T, for MIRIAH is much greater than it would be possible for SAR, for the latter uses time correlation for imaging, whereas MIRIAH's Interferometers do not. The speed of the SAR range gate moves across the face of the earth at the speed of light, compared to the very large resolved cell of MIRIAH's 1st Power-Aperture moving at the speed of its satellites . This speed ratio is about 10⁹. Therefore, the 10¹⁶ Coherence Time limitations on MIRIAH are about 10⁹ longer than they are for a SAR (in theory, but worse for SAR in practice due to time correlation dilution of precision). Hence, the Math Model proves MIRIAH's 1st Power-Aperture's Bandwidth is so narrow (2.3 10^-5 Hz), that it will not pass the bistatic Doppler. This removes an otherwise bothersome problem known as "Doppler Smear" in the image (see Section 17). And the motion of the VLA is such that it not only exercises a large angle (as necessary for holography), but it also eliminates problems with ambiguity for MIRIAH.

 

22. Why MIRIAH Uses a Minimum Area Geometry (Triangle) for Real Time Capture of Energy Density by the MF

 

SAR's Power-Aperture, whose power density is integrated in time in the synthetic aperture, creates an energy density increase, and so enables the Gain of the synthetic aperture, at which point the SNR becomes positive, and the signal is digitized, thereby terminating any further coherent gain aggregation. Whereas, MIRIAH continues this coherent gain aggregation for a much longer coherence time. So, MIRIAH needs an aperture area to pass energy density aggregation in real time, in order to enable the MF's huge energy density compaction property. A minimum area geometry is of course the triangle. But, MIRIAH needs an equilateral triangle to keep its "control and phase detecting" satellite on the phase centerline of the Interferometer baseline (which is opposite the control satellite). And, to exercise the imaged scene for holography, this equilateral triangle must be stable, and parallel the disc recording surface at all times. Hence, to "teach" this technology in more detail, check out both the dynamics as well as the rationale used in its design, as "taught" here in the folowing video clip, with sound bite, which shows both the "rock stable" equilateral triad motion, as it "teaches" the technical rationale we used.

 

Note that all of the VLA triads rigidly retain their equilateral triangle shape parallel to one of the eight 90^o x 90^o x 90^o sectors of an inertially fixed and conformal mapping octahedron (always parallel to one of the eight isometric planes). This rigidity is due to its property of constant Angular Momentum, which is truly ponderous in MIRIAH's case, since the three baselines are on the order of 12,000 to 18,000 miles long! This figure shows a flat 2-D conventional map, whereas, the MF disc recordings are holograms (later converted to 3-D contoured imagery, after the MF is re-illuminated with a laser and converted to digital format).

 

Figure 2 is a functional block diagram of the signal flow for one of the three VLBI pairs in each VLA. These pairs are (1) the imaging VLBI, and (2) the Phase closure VLBI. In Figure 3, we show a simplistic algorithm for the phase closure VLBI (i.e., the (2) phase closure VLBI), which "marries" this massive long term stability of the ponderous Angular Momentum of each VLA, to the exceptional short term stability of MIRIAH's atomic "clock" STALO (Stable Oscillators). This "marriage" then "borrows" long term stability for the STALO, through its phase closure to the massive Angular Momentum of the VLA This is important to real time aggregation of fringes on the MF, since this equilateral triad is needed to minimize the phase count of the phase closure Interferometers (see Figures 3 and Figure 4), thereby easing an otherwise long (and slow) "phase unwrapping" process. (For those who want a Figure 4 which "teaches" the MIRIAH VLBI and VLA structure in detail, go to this link).

 

Again, MIRIAH has two (2) types of Interferometers: it has (1) the Imaging Interferometers, and it has (2) the phase closure Interferometers. Both of these are co-located, on each one of the VLA's three baselines, with their "clocks" (STALO and COHO) slaved together as shown in Figure 5. (For those who need more comprehensive details, go to this presentation). In this way, registration of (2)'s baselines, assures registration of (1), even though the latter's coverage areas on the earth's surface is periodically blocked from overlap by the earth's limb (as you saw in the above video clip of MIRIAH*3's motion). Remember, all Interferometers are self registering relative to their baselines, needing only to register the baselines to the earth's surface, or better yet to the stars. For, MIRIAH's orbits are both inertially fixed and yet resonant to the earth's angular velocity. This simple and reliable state-of-the-art method is all that MIRIAH needs for full registration of every pixel (as is not the case for SAR).

 

MIRIAH has two (2) Power-Apertures (PA), which is one of the major reasons for its huge 10¹⁶ Coherent Gain (which in turn is the main reason for its "breakthrough" in cost effectiveness). And to enable these 2 PA, MIRIAH's architecture solves this need in this simple way (as shown here in Fig6)

 

 

23. Comparing MF Performance to a "Pseudo" Phased Array in Space.

 

 

SAR's signal level must be fairly high (or at least not too negative) as it arrives at the receiving antenna since phase is detected there, and so that after the Synthetic Aperture Gain the SNR will be positive, so that the image can be digitized and then registered throughout the FOV (Field of View) by adjustments to bright objects. Whereas, MIRIAH's Interferometers, like all interferometers, are self registering, and since its coherent Gain is so huge, the signal level can arrive at the 1^st PA's antenna and continue on to the 2^nd PA's MF for recording well below the noise level, i.e., with very negative SNRs, which is why MIRIAH uses transceivers at the 1^st PA instead of receivers - as with SAR. Our Proprietary Math Models show the parametric "trade off" here from the 1^st PA to the 2^nd PA (a Non Proprietary excerpt can be seen in this hyperlink). After reviewing this abreviated Math Model, you will note that while MIRIAH's MF is on a small disc illuminated at laser frequency (f), its performance is identical to that of a huge 18,000 mile diameter phased array, operating at microwave frequency (or other f), located in space above the earth, and so when one visualizes this, one can readily grasp the true power inherent in this amazing invention. (If real, such a gigantic antenna would extend over the horizon in every direction!!)

While it is not real, yet this enormous "pseudo" phased array in space has an unexpected additional benefit. A very simple, and basic Math Model of this "pseudo" array in space with the VLA's dimension and frequency (or multiple frequencies for spectrographic identification), power level, losses, etc., can be easily and quickly constructed, which will serve to estimate performance of an actual MIRIAH configuration and mission fit. This will expedite the identification of valid mission capabilities and costs for a wide range of mission success estimates, planning, and funding, with full confidence that the final system design will come very close to this simplified Math Model.

Phase detection and discrimination for imaging are critical for all SAR, all Interferometer, and all Matched Filter (MF) imaging. However, SAR detects phase on its receiving antenna, whereas MIRIAH's three Interferometer interference patterns plus much simpler processing (than SAR) accomplishes this remotely from the antenna. (NASA's Radio Telescope at Socorro, NM operates in a similar fashion). So the size of SAR's antennae is critical for its resolution, physcial Gain, and swath size. Whereas, MIRIAH uses Interferometer triads, a 2^nd PA, and an MF to capture sufficient wavelengths, so that its antenna size establishes only the swath size. And, since SAR has only one PA, it must capture phase on its Physical Antenna whose size is sufficiently large so that the finest diffraction can be captured at the edge (wherein the diffraction interval tapers ever more finely toward the antenna edge). So, NASA's huge SIR-C satellite antenna is 21 meters in length. But MIRIAH has a 2^nd PA, and doesn't detect phase at the 1^st PA, so its physical antennae are not constrained by this consideration (since its phase is detected remotely from its antenna in the 2^nd PA). In addition, MIRIAH's illumination of its 2^nd PA is at extremely high laser frequencies, while SAR's Illumination is at microwave frequencies.

 

So, despite SIR-C's huge physical size, MIRIAH's tiny disc's "aperture" is still about 2,500 times larger than SIR C's, when normalized as a function of wavelength at the moment when the phase is detected. For, by using light frequency's much smaller wavelengths when detecting phase (rather than microwave as with SAR), MIRIAH's tiny discs outperform SAR's mightiest antennae! (MIRIAH's technical strategy here is the same as that now common in modern IT technology, wherein it is said "Smaller is Bigger"). And, on top of that, MIRIAH has the advantage over SAR in its hyper-spectral capability, automatic GIS, deep penetration imaging, and far simpler processing! And, deriving from ROSÆ, MIRIAH inherits its advantages too (satellite simplicity, reliability, energy conservation, cost effectiveness etc.).

 

24. Startup Strategies

 

Some have envisioned a "proof of concept" using a triad of helicopters or tethered balloons (at higher altitudes for larger FOV). This idea was to be followed up with a further move up in altitude to a "Global Hawk" triad platform (for a larger FOV with more mobility). But these earth bound demonstrations have positional uncertainties due to vagaries in the atmosphere or in the equipment vibration, gear back lash, etc., which leads to unacceptable limitations for Interferometers. Whereas, an all space platform is largely free of these limitations. Note also that as with SAR, which aggregates the Fourier Replica (i.e., the "pre-image" diffraction pattern) on its antenna in an analog fashion (prior to its digital image conversion), so too does MIRIAH aggregate its Fourier Replica on a disc prior to converting to a digital image. But SAR has only one coherent channel, and one time dependent channel, so its 2-D image is only half coherent. Whereas, in addition to its much longer coherence time, MIRIAH has both 2-D and 3-D coherency, which is the source of MIRIAH's great power and improved features. This is why it is so important that we find a startup strategy, which is both low in cost and yet delivers valid performance. And so, while the above methods are cheap, they are of such questionable validity that we feel the following five (5) startup strategies are needed for minimum cost consistent with validity.

 

(1) Architectural level strategy. Combining MIRIAH with an enterprise funded 99% for a critically needed new military communication satellite service, with MIRIAH "added on" as a less than 1% cost burden, is described in more detail here in this hyper-link. This strategy makes complete sense at this time of danger for the US, since all of our communication, navigation/tracking, and imaging assets can no longer be relied upon to survive space warfare (not to discount increases in solar "storms"), unless we follow up on the recommendations contained in this strategy. This strategy will work well under military leadership, but in addition to communications (99% funded and controlled by the military), MIRIAH will be primarily commercial, but its contribution to the total satellite weight will be negligible (less than 1%) compared to the communications payload, so it is a prime candidate for "Dual - Use" funding in which the military only need to add 0.49% to their total costs (i.e., 49% of 1%), while also benefiting from taxes from an expectation of huge International business profits, from this commercial service's huge International Revenues. (See Section 10 for other details on funding). "Dual Use" funding was first used during the Depression of the 1930's, when we build the DC-2, DC - 3, and DC - 4 transport airplanes for both the military and the startup of our civilian commercial airlines (TWA, Pan American, etc.). So now, with our economy undergoing huge stresses, the time is ripe for "Dual-Use" funding once again. And note that the MIRIAH technology would be the only "new" technology aboard the military satellite (which is overwhelmingly devoted to communications), so the commercial sponsor would bear the onus if there were to be any operational failure in this new technology. In this way, the military would have such an advantage, that we doubt they would object to MIRIAH's tiny added weight, since if successful, they get a disproportionate profit, yet they would share little if any of the risk.

 

 

25. Down with Risk and Cost - - - - Up with Productivity and Profit.

 

For 47 years, Bill Grisham has assumed risk in his search for a "better mouse trap" in EM technology for communication, navigation/tracking, and imaging from Satellites. His risk was in the development of a new and better architecture. His search was frustrated by numerous complexly interwoven technical pitfalls and blind alleys. But now that the MIRIAH architecture has been perfected, this opens the way to greatly improved benefits and performance levels, while requiring only a simple 1920's era hardware. (For the Continuous Wave signals used in MIRIAH's Interferometers is like "going back to the future", since this old technology is virtually risk free in today's "high tech" world). So industry is now being offered a golden opportunity, which virtually guarantees success, with obscene profits, and insignificant risks (at the lower systems level, since Bill has removed the higher architectural level "road block"). The only resistance left is human frailty, since Bill insists on making this wonderful "gift from God available to all of His children", rather than allowing the "control freaks" to use its power to dominate the world. (ROSÆ, Inc. is offering Non Exclusive Licenses to all nations and peoples).

 

26. A Tabular Comparison Summary of Satellite Imaging Technologies.

MIRIAH’s technology places it in a class of its own. The following chart illustrates this.

 

Table 1.     Sampled   Microwave   Imaging

     SAR                                     MIRIAH

Power-Apertures (P.A.)	1	2
For Finer Resolution	Large Bandwidth (B/W)	1st Small, next Huge B/W      in Series
Hyperspectral	NO	YES
Coherent Gain	a  (Counts)1  :  ~ 104	a (Counts)2  : ~ 1016
SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)	103	106 to  108
Altitude	Very  Low	High
Swath Size	Very   Small	Very   Large
Revisit time including processing time, “store and forward” @ best resolution	2  per  week	10  per  day
Power  Requirements	Very  Large	Very  Small
Supply matches Demand	No	Yes
Coherent Technology	Is  only  1-D	Is  2-D  and  3-D
Multi-access	No	Yes

 

 

The MIRIAH technology will be employed in the ROSÆ array of 12 satellites forming 16 VLA (Very Large "sparse" Arrays counter rotating in pairs), as Interferometer triads, at an altitude of about 5000 miles.  Its rate of ten (10) image refreshments per day will produce an enormous amount of useable data, which will enable the ability to provide key knowledge to the user in a truly timely manner (in time to take action - for the first time in satellite imaging). Note the huge 10¹⁶ Coherent Gain (an improvement of a Trillian times SAR's Coherent Gain). This will translate into a huge reduction in cost per mega-pixel.  An evaluation of the most important Growers’ Priority Information needs as reported by the Ag 20/20 Program Concept Paper dated September 9, 1999, and a comparison of key technology components of the best optical imagery available with MIRIAH, is shown in Table 2 (below).

 

           

Table 2.     Frequency Domain and 3-D Penetration Sampling

      Ikonos (Optical)                        MIRIAH

Multispectral	YES	YES
Spatial Resolution	Very Good [1]	Superior [2]
Frequency Resolution	Very Poor [3]	Superior [4]
Excessive Cross Correlation	YES [5]	NO [6]
Fully discriminates species.	NO [7]	YES [8]
Altitude	Very  Low [9]	High [10]
Swath Size	Very   Small [11]	Very   Large [12]
Revisit time	2  per  week	10  per  day
Multi-access	No [13]	Yes [14]
Supply matches Demand	No [15]	Yes [16]
Coherently Formed Matched Filter	NO	Yes (in 2-D  and  3-D)
Power  Requirements	Moderate	Very  Small
Measures Volume	NO [17]	YES (3-D) [18]
Measures Density	NO [19]	YES (Penetration Imaging) [20]
Measures Yield	NO [21]	YES [22]
Measures Grain Quality	NO [23]	YES [24]
ID’s Insect/Nutrient/Weeds	Fair [25]	Excellent [26]
Detects Subsoil Moisture	NO [27]	YES [28]

 

27. Government’s Remote Sensing Mission Requirement Gaps

 

The U.S. Senate has expressed its concern over gaps in Remote Sensing from Satellites. Pages 7-8 of the report from the Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services entitled “Assessment of Remote Sensing Data Use by Civilian Federal Agencies”, dated December 10, 2001, listed a number of mission “gaps”, or “concerns” in imaging from satellites. These “gaps”, or “concerns” are listed in the 1^st column in the following tables. MIRIAH’s ability to fill these gaps is listed in the 2^nd column.

 

Availability Concerns	Improvement by MIRIAH project
1. Relatively few satellites collecting data	1. MIRIAH's higher orbits need fewer satellites for larger service areas.
2. Time needed to get data in useful form	2. MIRIAH's focused, linear, orthogonal, and conformal raw data is "ready to go" as is.
3. Availability of data (time/location)	3. MIRIAH-ROSÆ has global coverage, and real time multi access from anywhere, to anywhere.
4. Continuity of a specific data source	4. MIRIAH-ROSÆ uses resonant orbits, CW illumination, and uninterrupted continuous recording.
5. Weather/cloud cover	5. MIRIAH images with microwave, day & night, and is immune to weather, clouds, etc.
6. Availability in proper format	6. MIRIAH downloads in digital format.
7. Reliance on complex and expensive technology/training not available globally.	7. MIRIAH's raw data is "GIS ready", so inexpensive terminals with special ROM chips can provide value added imagery products formatted at the users terminal in real time (i.e., "1st pass" GIS imagery, etc.). This technology needs only basic skills.

 

Access Concerns	Improvement by MIRIAH project
1. Cost of commercially available data	1. It's huge Synthetic Aperture is a trillion to one improvement, which drastically lowers costs).
2. Licensing concerns in sharing commercial data.	2. MIRIAH is patent pending internationally.
3. Some data classified "sensitive", security data.	3. This is unavoidable in a free competitive market, but will ameliorate in time.
4. Cost of processing value-added data.	4. MIRIAH's raw data is "GIS ready", so inexpensive terminals with special ROM chips can provide value added imagery products formatted at the users terminal in real time (i.e., "1st pass" GIS imagery, etc.).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Effective Use Concerns	Improvement by MIRIAH project
1. Lack of in house expertise and difficulty in attracting and retaining specialists.	1. MIRIAH's raw data is "GIS ready", so inexpensive terminals can provide value added imagery products at the users terminal in real time without special skills.
2. Calibration/ground truth problems (especially for R&D agencies using commercial data.	2. MIRIAH's data is constantly calibrated to ground truth via its phase closure method, and use of spatially referenced VLA, mapped to conformal disc format.
3. Lack of knowledge within agency at user level of how data can be used.	3. Users will more readily pick up this skill with MIRIAH's "GIS ready", low cost, multi-access data, as this leads to faster results and less complexity.
4. Lack of equipment and software for analysis and interpretation.	4. Equipment will be less costly, and so more available (see 1 & 3)
5. Volume of data (storage, archiving, etc.	5. MIRIAH's records are holograms on discs, which is the densest and fastest media within the technology.
6. Resistance within agency to change.	6. Users terminals will interface with table top computers, and will be "user friendly", leading to quick acceptance.

 

 28. Typical Parameters for Program Comparisons.

 

If one were to use a SAR, and then attempt to provide high SNR's (Signal to Noise Ratios - a measure of the image contrast) from MIRIAH's 5,000 mile altitude, with the small (1 watt) transmitted power, which MIRIAH is able to use (to lower cost), then here is the resulting SNR₃(t):

 

 

Clearly, this would be totally impractical. Yet, MIRIAH does not detect phase upstream of the disc record (which is coherent in 2-D, linear, orthogonal, and conformal, as a hologram). Rather, MIRIAH remains continuously coherent. Hence, MIRIAH is able to boost SNR₃(t) by coherently illuminating the hologram (millions of zone plates, each centered over its corresponding pixel), with a 2^nd Power -Aperture at the satellite. Then the final imaging data has this SNR₄(t):

 

 

The huge gain in the hologram is the reason this SNR₄(t) is possible. This gain is actually the matched filter (MF) Gain. This is analogous to a synthetic aperture gain, GSynAp(t), of a hypothetical satellite triad of interferometers in space, i.e., a VLA (Very Large Array). This array is in the form of an equilateral triangle (which is necessary to make this practical). This array migrates (cycles) between 12,000 miles and 18,000 miles in diameter, all the while rotating about an axis, which parallels the recording disc axis, in a plane, which is fixed inertially in space. The theoretical gain, GSynAp(t), is identical to that of the MF (a 2-D hologram), as shown here (right). As one can see, this constitutes a huge improvement in microwave imaging. (This Gain is a trillion times greater than for a SAR). And its impact constitutes a truly exciting breakthrough, as evidenced in the Tables shown above. As one can see, this constitutes a huge improvement in microwave imaging. (This Gain is a trillion times greater than for a SAR). And its impact constitutes a truly exciting breakthrough, as evidenced in the Tables shown above.

 

29. MIRIAH’s “family tree” and present development status.

 

MIRIAH (Grisham, U.S. Patent #6,452,532), derives from SARAH (Grisham, U.S. Patent #4,602,257), ROSÆ (Grisham, U.S. Patent #3,243,706), and Interfero-metric technology.  Three major Universities and four independent Scientists have endorsed MIRIAH’s theoretical feasibility, based on extensive Math Models (a signal and coverage parametric analysis, in MathCad7 format) and other proofs from Physics and Economics. (The signal analysis is a 17 page Scientific treatise, which has over 100 lines of equations and definitions, 7 pages of figures, over 20 graphs, numerous references, etc. The basis at Physics, or “Assumptions”, is an 11 page scientific document replete with references). And other Math Models have been constructed to prove feasibility (coverage analysis, etc.). This invention addresses orbital mechanics, information theory, RF atmospheric Physics (major limitations only), coherent signal technology, RF propagation and antenna engineering (basics only), Interferometer technology, coherent Doppler tomography, mensurational geodesy, communication technology, recording technology, information management technology, principles of economics, classical mechanics and kinematics, and basic computer science principles. (Note: this broad spectrum of technology interfaces is another reason why this invention addresses only the architectural level at this point in time).

 

DoD’s (Department of Defense’s) NGA Branch (National Geospacial-Intelligence Agency) called for “White Papers” from industry in 2005, for innovative solutions to improve DoD’s Intelligence capabilities. (Actually, this was to address the combined functions of C³I, i.e., Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence). We responded, and NGA was so taken with the innovation and power of ROSÆ-MIRIAH that they passed it up to NRO (National Reconnaissance Office of DoD), since NRO – a super top secret R&D organization – funds the majority of the satellites in operation.

 

In January, 2006, NRO’s Chief Scientist, and his staff, after reviewing both our “White Paper” (a CD) and Math Models, and after technical discussions and technical memos, came to the conclusion that our claims could not be refuted. And NRO then sent us a recommendation we submit a formal proposal to them (this August) for funding under NRO’s DII program (Director’s Innovation Initiative). However, ROSÆ, Inc. is too small to undertake the full scope of this proposal without teaming with various members of the Aerospace community, who are specialized in the various disciplines, which are part and parcel to systems level implementation of this architecture. Therefore, we are currently in the process of forming teaming with larger members of the Aerospace Community.

 

 SUMMARY

30. Commercial Market.

 

According to an industry study by Daratech, Inc., in 1999, GIS sales exceeded $6.9 billion. Kern Witcher of NASA/SSC/CRSP expects the imaging market to exceed $10 to $12 Billion by the end of 2001.  Forecasts indicate the remote sensing market could exceed $100 billion as improved technology meets demand and creates new uses. The Daratech study also indicated that future GIS market expansion will depend on standard information formats and improvements in the depth and breadth of information available, timeliness, and accuracy. ROSÆ/MIRIAH will enable significant improvements in all of these criteria.  Some of the expected markets are in trucking (monitor fleets), shrimping/fishing (locate schools), earth crust (predict earthquakes & volcanoes), utilities (locate breaks, leaks, etc.), locate mineral deposits/precious metals, locate lost persons, and security (illicit harvesting of timber, military movements), etc. MIRIAH’S moving target indicator mode, known as DIFMIRIAH, and ROSÆ’s Range/Doppler capability will add to that capability. This will open up a lucrative market for aircraft tracking and navigation, which the airline industry badly needs to increase its traffic density, consistent with safety.

 

 

31. A Commercial/Government “Dual Use” Enterprise.

 

In addition to its ability to penetrate the cover used by clandestine "terrorist" groups, MIRIAH is a superior Early Warning architecture for the National Missile Defense (NMD) Mission (see our white paper: “MIRIAH Technology vs. NMD Mission Requirements”). Hence, MIRIAH is a prime candidate for “Dual-Use” funding. Furthermore, given the political problems with disengaging from existing ballistic missile defense treaties, MIRIAH’s commercial services do not clash with these treaties and yet provide a technically challenging NMD early warning service. In light of the NMD’s great cost, MIRIAH’s extraordinary utility as both an NMD early warning system and superior commercial imaging system makes the collaboration of government and business in the further development and employment of this architecture a most cost-effective and sensible use of the funds available to capitalize on the tremendous potential of this market.

 

32. Status of the MIRIAH Enterprise.

 

We have completed Phase 0 and Phase I for MIRIAH’s Imaging mode (patent plus architectural and feasibility level Math Modeling with independent validation). Consequently, we are ready to proceed with Phase 2’s Test and Evaluation (T&E), Research and Development (R&D), Marketing studies, etc., to enable deployment and operation in collaboration with a Phase 2 champion.

 

As mentioned above, NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency), a DoD organization, which specializes in defining fits between military missions and existing technology, recently evaluated “White Papers” for innovative solutions to military requirements. NGA was so intrigued by MIRIAH, that they bucked it “upstairs” to NRO (National Reconnaissance Office) for action. (NRO funds most of the world’s satellites). Following a review by NRO’s Chief Scientist and his staff, recommendations were forwarded to ROSÆ, inc. in order to help us prepare proposals for their DII program (Director’s Innovative Initiative). Following a critical technical review, we were able to answer all of their concerns.

 

We have patents to protect the integrity of this proposed joint venture. We confidently await the outcome of what we believe is a golden opportunity for both the government and commercial communities to capitalize on the “dual-use” potential of this invention as we continue our search for additional teaming and funding through both the public and private sectors.